最近开始看一些研究生和本科生的论文与报告,且不说论文质量如何,正文引用、注释以及参考文献就不过关,或许有的同学认为这是小事,其实不然。论文的引用与注释,表明了研究者的治学态度以及对前人研究的熟悉、重视程度,万丈高楼平地起,此即人文社会科学研究的基础。因此,我在这里将较为标准的论文引文、注释与参考文献格式介绍给大家,希望大家从小事做起,养成谦虚的态度、严谨的学风,千里之行,始于足下。
首先,对于引用而言,若是完全采纳原作者的论述,则需要用双引号标明,并在之后的括号中注明作者、何年出版以及该论述所在页码。如,涂尔干强调,“任何宗教都是对既存的人类生存条件作出的反应,尽管形式有所不同(涂尔干2006:2)”;
其次,若是总结原作者某一章节或某几页的观点,则不需用引号标明,但需要说明是原作者的论述,并在归纳总结之后括号注明作者、何年出版以及总结论述所涉及的页码。如,米尔斯指出,面对人类社会与文化的多样性,我们既要坚持各学科的研究理路,又要跳出学科界限,进行比较研究,依照问题取向选用不同的研究概念与方法(米尔斯2001:142-153)。
第三,若是回顾、分析原作者某一本书或某一论文,则只需在陈述之后括号注明作者、何年出版即可。如,格尔兹《文化的解释》乃阐释人类学的代表作之一,它将人类学研究引入符号与意义的世界,力图通过文本的阐释建立文化之间理解与沟通的桥梁(格尔兹1999)
最后,关于参考文献,以上对论文中的引用,都是建立在参考文献的系统梳理之上,以下为芝加哥论文引用模式,供大家参考。参考文献格式可以有所不同,但在同一篇文章中则需要统一标准,以免造成风格不一,行文混乱。
BOOK BY A SINGLEAUTHOR(专著)
Mohd Taib Osman. 1989. MalayFolk Beliefs: An Integration of Disparate Elements. KualaLumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. (Example of author from a culturethat does not use family names).
Schein, Louisa.2000. Minority Rules: The Miao and theFeminine in China’s Cultural Politics.Durham: Duke University Press.
COAUTHOREDBOOKS(合著)
Bosco, Joseph, and Puay Peng Ho.1999. Temples of the Empress of Heaven.Images of Asia Series. Hong Kong: Oxford UniversityPress.
Evans, Grant, and Maria TamSiu-Mi, eds. 1997. Hong Kong: The Anthropology of a ChineseMetropolis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.
Wuthnow, Robert, James DavisonHunter, Albert Bergesen, and Edith Kurzwell.1984. Cultural Analysis: The Works of Peter L.Berger, Mary Douglas, Michel Foucault, and JürgenHabermas. London: Routledge &Kegan Paul. (If there are more than three authors, use et. al.,such as, Wuthnow, Robert, et. al.)
CHAPTERS IN EDITEDVOLUMES(编著中的章节)
Appadurai,Arjun. 1990. “Disjuncture andDifference in the Global Cultural Economy.” InMike Featherstone, ed., Global Culture, pp.295-310. London: Sage.
Cheng, Sea-Ling. 2001. “ConsumingPlaces in Hong Kong: Experiencing Lan Kwai Fong.” In Gordon Mathewsand Tai-Lok Lui, eds., Consuming Hong Kong, pp. 237-262.Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
ARTICLES INJOURNALS(学术期刊文章)
Anon. 1836. “Description of aChinese Wedding: Containing Notices of the Ceremonies Performed onthe Occasion.” The Chinese Repository (Canton) 4(12):568-572.
Meekers, Dominique, and NadraFranklin. 1995. “Women’sPerception of Polygyny Among the Kaguru ofTanzania.” Ethnology XXXIV(4):315-330.
MULTIPLE WORKS BY A SINGLEAUTHOR(同一作者的多部著作)
Sahlins,Marshall. 1972. Stone AgeEconomics. Chicago: Aldine.
_______.1985. Islands ofHistory. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress.
Smith, Robert J.1987a. “Gender Inequality in ContemporaryJapan.” Journal of Japanese Studies 13(1):1-26.
_______.1987b. “Popular Religion in Japan: Faith, Belief,and Behavior.” In Ching-I Tu, ed., Tradition and Creativity:Essays on East Asian Civilization, pp. 75-92.New Brunswick: Transaction Books.
WORKINGPAPERS(工作论文)
Cheung, Sidney C.H. 1996. “Cultural Tourism andHong Kong Identity.” Working Paper no. 4,Department of Anthropology, the Chinese University of HongKong.
WORK ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATIONBUT NOT YET PUBLISHED(已被接受但未发表的论文)
Bosco, Joseph. In press. “LocalTheories and Sinization in the Anthropology of Taiwan.” In ShinjiYamashita, Joseph Bosco, and Jerry Eades, eds., MakingAnthropology in East and Southeast Asia. Oxford: BerghanBooks.
M.PHIL OR PH.D.THESES(硕士或博士论文)
Lee, Wai Yi.1999. Living on the Margins/Living in theMainstream: On the Cultural Milieu of Sex Workers on Un ChauStreet, Hong Kong. M. Phil. thesis, Department ofAnthropology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
UNPUBLISHED STUDENTPAPERS(未发表的学生论文)
Shitakubo,Minako. n.d. “Japanese Identitythrough the Description of Hong Kong in JapaneseMagazines.” Undergraduate student paper,Department of Anthropology, the Chinese University of HongKong.
NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINEARTICLES(报刊文章)
Friedman, Thomas L. 2003. “GoogleIs A Bit Like God.” International Herald Tribune. 30 June,p. 6.
Wu, Rose. 2003. “We March forFreedom, Against Article 23.” Letter to the editor, South ChinaMorning Post. 30 June, p. A10.
WORKS IN CHINESE, GIVINGCHINESE CHARACTERS(中文文章,需要注出中文名)
In citing Chinese works, usePinyin. In the case of names of authors, non-Pinyin transcriptionas used by the authors may be used or provided in addition ifknown.
Chuang, Ying-chang(庄英章), andChiao-hung Li(李翘宏). 1999. Fangtoushen yu zongzu fenzhi: yihuidong yu lugang weili房头神与宗族分支:以惠东与鹿港为例(Lineage Segment Godsand Lineage Segments: The Case of Huidong, Fujian and Lugang,Taiwan). Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology AcademiaSinica(中央研究院民族学研究所集刊) 88 (Autumn): 203-232.
Li, Weiqi(李伟琪). 2003. DangXianggang nanshi yudao neidi nüshi当香港男士遇到内地女士(When Hong KongMen meet Women from Mainland China). In Xingbieguancha性别观察(Gender Observations), ed., Tan Shaowei(谭少薇), pp.157-173. Hong Kong: Wheatear Publishing Company Limited.
Li, Yiyuan (Li Yih-yuan李亦园). 1996.Renlei de shiye 人类的视野(Human Vision)。Shanghai: Shanghai WenyiChubanshe 上海文艺出版社。
Qiao, Jian (Chien Chiao乔健)主编(ed.). 1998. Shehuixue、renleixue zai zhongguo defazhan社会学、人类学在中国的发展(The Development of Sociology andAnthropology in China). Hong Kong: New Asia College, The ChineseUniversity of Hong Kong.
Zhang, Xiaojun( 张小军). 2001.Chuantong wenhua shengchan zhong de xiangzheng xingshijian传统文化生产中的象征性实践(Symbolic Practice in the Reproduction ofTraditions). Qinghua shehuixue Pinglun清华社会学评论(TsinghuaSociological Review), 2001年第一期(No. 1): 57-74.
WORKS IN OTHER FOREIGNLANGUAGES(其它语言的论文)
Lien, Marianne. 1988. “Fraboknafest til pizza” [From salted cod to pizza].Occasional Paper no. 8, Department of Social Anthropology,University of Oslo, Norway.
Mathews, Gordon.2001. “Bunkateki bunmyaku kara mitaikigai” [The cultural context of what makes life worthliving]. In Y. Takahashi and S. Wada,eds., Ikigai no shakaigaku [The sociologyof what makes life worth living]. Tokyo:Kobundo.
INTERNETSITES(网络文章或信息)
Hong Kong TransitionProject. 2001.At http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~hktp
中文论文
参考书目格式与英文格式基本相同,按作者姓氏音序排列
丁毓玲. 1999.《浔埔妇女:一个福建渔村的性别身份建构》。香港中文大学人类学系硕士论文。
李安山. 2003.“拉丁美洲华侨华人研究概述”。刊于“第二届海外华人研究与文献收藏机构国际合作会议:跨国网络——海外华人研究与文献收藏面临的挑战”,3月13-15日,香港中文大学。
李亦园. 1992a.《文化的图像(上册)文化发展的人类学探讨》。台北:允晨出版公司。
______. 1992b.《文化的图像(下册)宗教与族群的文化观察》。台北:允晨出版公司。
______. 1996.《人类的视野》。上海:上海文艺出版社。
明报. 2003.“更紧密关系,为香港创造更大空间”。明报社评。6月30日,页A2。
乔健、李沛良、马戎主编. 2001.《二十一世纪的中国社会学与人类学》。高雄:丽文化事业股份有限公司。
田汝康. 1998.“结构主义与中国古字的人类学研究”。刊于王筑生、林超民、杨慧主编《人类学与西南民族》,2-12页。昆明:云南大学出版社。
王健民. 1999.《中国民族学史(上卷)》。昆明:云南教育出版社。
张珣. 1996.“光复后台湾人类学与汉人宗教研究之回顾”。刊于《中央研究院民族学研究所集刊》81:163-215。
朱家德. 2003.“艺团恐23条碍创作”。明报。6月30日,页A10。