爱华网之前一位莫桑比克的朋友问我Contingency 和 Provisional Sum之间有什么区别。
贴上他们各自在字典里面的定义吧。
Contingency
An unexpected event. The architect normally arranges for acontingency sum to be inserted in the bills of quantities (qv). Theamount is usually about 3% of the expected contract sum. Thepurpose of the sum is to cover the cost of unforeseen items. If,unusually, there are no such items, the whole of the sum isdeducted from the contract sum and represents a saving to theemployer. A contingency sum is not intended to cover additionalwork to that originally envisaged or the correction of specificationerrors. In certain types of building, e.g. old or complex existingstructures, the contingency sum may be increased to reflect the factthat there is more chance that unforeseen situations (hiddenrainwater pipes, eccentric structure, rot) may be discovered.
其实如果在单价合同得BOQ中明示出来，那么就是发生就有，不发生就没有，这样的话就有点像ProvisionalSum了，但是Provisional Sum是肯定会发生的，而这个Contingency就不一定了,FIDIC87版本里面得ProvisionalSum就包含Contingency，但是99版得把contingency给抹去了。其实个人认为这个字典上的定义是有错误或者说不全面，如果这个Contingency是在成本分析里面体现出来的，尤其是报价的时候，那么它本身就是成本的一部分，单价的一部分，就不应该说出现发生了就支付，没有发生就不支付的情况。
其实contingency是成本的一部分也很好理解，无论在单价合同或者总价合同中，如果漏项了，尤其在总价合同中，你跟谁哭去？只能从contigency里面来弥补。报价都有风险的。
Provisional Sums
A term used to denote a sum of money included in the contract bythe employer, normally as an amount in the bills of quantities(qv). It is provided to cover the cost of something which cannot beentirely foreseen or detailed accurately at the time tenders areinvited. For example, the architect may know that he requires aretaining wall to be constructed, but does not know accuratedimensions or details. He may ask the quantity surveyor to make anestimate (qv) of the likely cost and insert that sum in the billsat tender stage. During the progress of the contract, the architectmay issue an instruction, together with full details of the wall,to the contractor. At final account (qv) stage, the quantitysurveyor deducts the provisional sum from the contract sum (qv) andadds back the value of the retaining wall ascertained in accordancewith the contract provisions for the valuation of variations (qv).JCT 80, clause 1.3 has since 1988 contained a definition of‘provisional sum’ as one including a sum provided for work whetheror not identified as being for defined or undefined work. Where billsof quantities are based upon the Standard Method of Measurement(qv), 7th edition, the term ‘provisional sum’ is defined in GeneralRule 10.
这个ProvisionalSum大致意思就是以后开工后肯定会发生，但是不知道多少或者单价不好估算，所以先估算个值放里面，按实际发生额度支付。为业主的融资确定性考虑，其应该也作为合同价格的一部分。
Dayworks
只要是项目清单里面无法详尽的一些会发生的工作，通常都是些没有办法用常规方式计量的项目，一般都是分别列出人工、机械和材料的单价，然后在发生时，记录消耗的人工、机械台班和材料量。
