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16. Einstein’s theory of relativity
theory of relativity 相对论[‘θiəri][relə’tivəti]
be famous for以…而闻名
mass [mæs] 质量
unchangeable 一成不变
be relative to 与….相对
in my point of view 就我的角度来看
different points of view 不同角度
from your point of view 从你的角度
construct a theory构建一个理论
apply …to… 应用…到…
the world of physics 物理世界
make advancement 取得进步
it is +adj+ for sb.+ to do sth.
remain the same保持不变
elevator=lift直达电梯
crash at the bottom 摔至底部
it seems that 似乎
depend on 取决于
You won’t feel like you’re being pulled on anymorethan gravity usuallydoes.你不会感觉到向下的拉力，正如你平时也不会感受到重力一样。 feel like /sound like / taste like / smell like / looklike
If…were, it would …..虚拟语气are being pulled正在被拽着
使用被动语态应注意什么
被动语态的不同时态被动语态由“be+过去分词”，其中be根据情况可使用各种不同时态。这句口诀是“被动语态必有bedone，时态在be上体现”，也就是说只在“be动词上做文章，过去分词不动！”初中阶段要掌握六个时态的被动语态和情态动词的被动语态
一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done
过去进行时的被动语态：was/were being done
现在完成时的被动语态：has/have been done
一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are done
现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are being done
一般将来时的被动语态：will be done；am/is/are going to bedone
否定句和疑问句都在助动词be后加not，疑问句把助动词be提前
情态动词的被动语态：can/may/must/could/should be done
否定句和疑问句都在情态动词后加not,疑问句把情态动词提前
哪些动词无被动语态：不及物动词没有被动语态。因为不及物动词没有宾语，所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。
如：take place(发生)，happen(发生)，breakout(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续)，spread等：
17. Animals’ compasses
compass [‘kʌmpəs] n. 罗盘，指南针
navigate [’næviɡeit] v. 导航，航行 –navigation n.
magnetic [mæɡ‘netik] a. 磁性
nectar [’nektə] n. 花蜜
hive [haiv] n. 蜂箱，蜂房
migrate [mai’ɡreit] v. 迁徙
migrating animals 迁徙的动物
a variety of 各种各样的
vary [‘vɛəri]v. 呈现不同—
various [‘vɛəriəs] adj.各种不同的, 各种各样的----
variety [və’raiəti] n. 品种, 种类
inner compasses 体内的指南针
steer =navigate [stiə] 掌舵，驾驶
the position of the Sun 太阳的位置
switch to 转向
the homing pigeon 信鸽
homing （鸟、动物）有返回原地能力的
the Earth’s magnetic fields 地球的磁场
indication [,ɪndi’keiʃən] n.迹象
mollusk [’mɔləsk] n. 软体动物
make use of 利用
otherwise 否则
complicated [‘kɔmplikeitid]复杂的
naturalist [‘nætʃərələst] n. 博物学家
bee scout [skaut] 侦查员
in relation to 与….有关
gather the food 采集食物
may have changed 可能已经改变了
somewhat 有点，稍微
In later trips during the day, the Sun will seem tomove farther and farther toward the west.
出发地越迟，太阳就越偏西。 far–farther—farthest far– further-- furthest
change their course correspondingly 相应地改变前进的方向
course [kɔ:s] n. 课程，进程, 过程，航向,航线，一道菜
correspondingly[,kɔris’pɔndiŋli]adv.相对地,比照地,相应地
18. Colour and life
optimist [‘ɔptimist] n. 乐观主义者---optimistic a. 乐观的--optimism[‘ɔptimizəm] n. 乐观主义; 乐观
pessimist n. 悲观主义者--pessimistic a. –pessimismdepressing a.令人沮丧的--depressed a.感到沮丧的—depressionn.沮丧，忧伤
suicide [’sjuisaid] n 自杀
excitement n. 兴奋,激动（的事）
excite—excited—exciting
would rather… than…宁愿…而不是…
tend to do sth.倾向做某事
at least 至少
what psychologist tell us 做be动词的表语
have been seriously studying…一直在认认真真地研究现在完成进行时
the meaning of colour preference色彩偏爱的意义[‘prefərəns]
as well as 也
have effect on 在…的影响 [I’fekt]
influence our moods 影响我们的情绪
[‘influəns] v.n.影响 [mu:d] n.心情,情绪
doubt[daut] n. 怀疑
cheerful 欢乐的，高兴的
relaxed 轻松的，自在的
on the other hand 在另一个方面
used to be 过去常常
scene [si:n] 现场，地点
any other +名词单数 any other bridgeany otherstudent anyother boy
paint---repaint– be repainted 被动语态
suicide attempt 自杀的企图
sharply adv. 急剧地
Perhaps it would have fallen even more if thebridge had been done in pink or baby blue.
would+现在完成时 表示对过去发生事的猜测
have been done 过去完成时的被动语态
it is an established fact that….
强调句 It is….that…[is’tæbliʃ] vt.确定，证实
rather than 而不是=instead of
be painted 被漆成…
本篇形容词比较级，最高级使用整理
work better, harder
have fewer accidents
happy– happier
active– more active
cheerful– more cheerful
many—more
19. Dangers of space
meteor [mi:tjə] n.流星
ultraviolet [‘ʌltrə’vaiəlit]a.紫外线的
cosmic [kɔzmik] a.宇宙的
rem=roentgen equivalent man 雷姆[‘rentgən] 伦琴 [I’kwivələnt] 相等的
deformed[di’fɔ:md] a.畸形的
danger n.--- dangerous a.
protective blanket 保护层
essential [I’senʃəl] adj. 必不可少的,绝对必要的; 非常重要的
tolerable[‘tɔlərəbl] adj. 可忍受的 过得去的
enormous quantities of radiation 大量辐射[I‘nɔ:məs] 巨大的 [,reidi’eiʃən]辐射(能); 放射
be screened off被屏蔽，被幕隔开
be exposed to 被暴露在 [iks’pəuz]
spacesuit [spei’sju:t] 太空服
prevent radiation damage 伤害
explore v.探险--explorer n.探险者
dose [dəus] n.(一次)剂量, 一剂, 一份
radioactive minerals放射性矿物质 [,reidiəu’æktiv] adj.放射性的
vary[‘vɛəri] vi. 呈现不同
rough estimate 粗略的估算
put up with 承受
without being damaged 动名词做介词的宾语，被动语态
sex organ 性器官
被动语态be+过去分词
are screened off
are exposed to
are measured in
be damaged
will not be discovered
20. Exercise makes your heart happy
pump[pʌmp] v.抽运，打气
aerobic exercise 有氧运动[,eiə’rəubik]
workout体育锻炼
deliver v.运输，运送
jog v. 慢跑 soccern.足球 row v.划船 skip v.跳跃
jump rope 跳绳
play hopscotch 玩跳房子游戏 [‘hɔpskɔtʃ]
take in oxygen 吸入氧气
faster than normal 比平常快
quick a.– quicken v.变快
on regular basis 在有规律的基础上，坚持
get even better at its main job
be good at/ be better at
21. Hey! A mosquito bit me
bump 肿块
calamine lotion炉甘石洗剂[‘kæləmain][’ləuʃən] n. 洗液
itch 发痒
at thedrugstore 药店
allergic reaction过敏反应[ə‘lə:dʒik][ri’ækʃən]
insect repellent 驱蚊剂[ri‘pelənt]
被动语态
gets bitten= is bitten 被咬
bite- bit – bitten
have been bitten 现在完成时的被动语态
anti-itch cream 止痒膏
on the bite 在被咬处
immediately= at once 立即，马上
treat 治疗
动词不定式 to do
The best way to avoid mosquito bites is to wear aninsect repellent.
Ask a parent to help you apply it.
since =because=as
lay eggs 产卵
empty out buckets 倒空桶子
keep…away from… 隔离，远离
22. Sweeeet!
resist the temptation抵制诱惑[temp’teiʃən]
calorie [‘kæləri] n.卡路里，热量单位
high in calories 高热量
artificial sweetener 人造甜味剂[’swi:tnə]
sugar substituten.代糖，糖的取代物，替代品 [‘sʌbstitju:t]
complicated a. 复杂的 [’kɔmplikeitid]
stimulate v.刺激[‘stimjuleit]
diabetes n.糖尿病[,daiə’bi:ti:z]
diabetic n.糖尿病人 [,daiə’betik]
blood-sugar n.血糖
synthetic a. 人工合成[sin’θetik]
sugar-sweet treats 甜食
cause weight gain= put on weight
diet sodas 低糖汽水
in place of 代替
thanks to 幸亏, 多亏, 由于
work in such small quantities以如此少的量起作用
on weight-reduction diets 吃减肥餐的人
turn to （使）转向，（使）变成
raise levels of sugarraise及物动词，+名词rise 不及物动词，不加名词
be extra careful about doing sth. 对…加倍小心
be made in labs=laboratories 在实验室中制造的
by contrast 相对比
be concerned about 担心
over the decades 几十年来
are still debated仍然在被受争议 （被动语态）
23. Thieves of feather
diversea.丰富的，多种多样的[dai’vəs]
thievery n. 偷窃 [θi:vəri] thiefn.小偷
predict [pri’dikt] v. 预测，预言
falcon [‘fɔ:lkən] n.猎鹰
target [‘tɑ:ɡit] n.目标
deliver [di’livə] v.递送，输送
bully[‘buli] n.欺凌弱小者
deserve [di’zə:v] v.值得
master of crime 犯罪专家
get away with it
diverse 丰富的，多样的
guilty 有罪的
family of birds=bird family 鸟类
have in common 有共同之处
matter most 最有关系，要紧，起决定性作用
on the other hand 另一方面
tend to 趋向
the target of their attacks 他们攻击的目标
valuable a. 有价值的
tempt to更乐意 tempt 诱惑，吸引
songbirds 鸣禽
in relation to 与….相比
be thought to 被认为是
be stronger in size than in smarts有强壮的身体而不是强壮的脑袋
claw 爪子
in other words 换句话说
strong-stronger-strongest-- strength
respect 尊敬
24. Why do I shiver?
shiver[‘ʃivə] v.颤抖，哆嗦
chatter[‘tʃætə] v.打颤
reflex [‘ri:fleks] n.条件反射
automatically 自动地[,ɔ:tə’mætikəli]
nervous system 神经系统 [‘nə:vəs ‘sistəm ]
spinal cord脊髓 [‘spainl ‘kɔ:d ]
lower v.降低 lowa. – lower v.
bump n. 肿块
goosebump n.鸡皮疙瘩
be attached to 附着
现在完成进行时 You’vebeen floating along in the cool water of the lake for awhile,……
even though 即使
dive- dove-dove (美) 跳水，潜水
dive-dived-dived (英)
What’s going on? 发生什么了？
be controlled by 被…所控制
nervous system
stretch out all over your body遍布你全身的
lower the bodytemperature减低体温 lower= makelow v.
stay(=keep) at 37 degrees Celsius
warm up暖和起来
tighten and loosen fastadj+en==v. 变得….
be covered with hair 由汗毛所覆盖
be attached to 附着
get tight 收紧
pull …out of 从…拉出
look like 看起来像
towel off 拿下毛巾
25. Why does my foot fall asleep?
fall asleep 睡着
feel funny感觉奇怪联系动词+形容词
Words and phrases
tuck [tʌk] 卷起，蜷曲
pins and needles 四肢发麻，如坐针毡
nerve [nə:v] 神经
blame [bleim] v.责备，把…归咎于
compress [kəm’pres] v.压迫
tingly a. 刺痛
squash [skwɔʃ]v.挤压
过去完成进行时 had beendoing had been drawing
过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近，它通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作：
He had been waiting for two weeks． He was still waiting．
He had been standing there in the sun.
现在完成进行时 (The present perfectprogressive)由 have/has been +-ing 分词构成；
过去完成进行时（The past perfect progressive tenses ）由 hadbeen +-ing 分词构成．
现在／过去完成进行时的用法：
A.在某段时间内一直进行的动作用现在完成进行时来强调动作在某段时间里的持续性．动作通常有＂现在＂的结果，要根据上下文来确定到＂现在＂为止，动作是否还在继续进行．同样，过去完成进行时表示在过去更早时间内进行的动作,并对过去某一时刻产生结果。
B.表示重复动作的现在／过去完成进行时
我们也可以用完成进行时形式来表示现在或过去经常重复的动作
注意：过去完成进行时和过去完成时类似，需要有过去这一时间点。
情态动词+现在完成时，表示对过去发生的事的猜测
might have lost feeling in your foot
might have felt heavy, or you might have felt ‘pinsand needles’…
lose feeling 失去知觉
cut off the blood supplyto切断血液的供应
more to blame 更应归咎于
carry messages back andforth来回传递信息
for the moment 这时候
kind of= a little 有点
hang up 挂断
no longer 不再
return to normal 回复正常
keep… awake…保持…清醒
squash the nerves 压迫神经
定语从句回顾
Nerves are like threads that run through your wholebody, and they carry messages back and forth between your brain andbody.
It’s kind of a phone call where your friend hangsup and you haven’t yet.
If you want to keep your feet awake, don’t sit onthem or put them in other positions where you’re squashing thenerves.
