如何做一个精彩的演讲精彩演讲稿-爱华网

如何做一个精彩的演讲Helen Coster, 08.16.10, 05:15 PM EDT 海伦·科斯特，08.16.10， 05：15 PM 东部夏令时间

Deliver a clear, relevant message, and tell a few great stories to illustrate it.

Steve Jobs' 2005 commencement address at Stanford University has been viewed more than 2 million times on YouTube. Five years after he delivered it, a text version still flies around the Web. The speech is as powerful for its message--stay hungry, stay foolish--as it is for its structure and delivery. "Today I want to tell you three stories from my life," says Jobs. "That's it. No big deal. Just three stories." And with that, viewers (and readers) are hooked.

-----------------传达明确，相关的信息，并用一些引人入胜的故事来阐明。

史蒂夫乔布斯2005年在斯坦福大学毕业典礼上的讲话在youtube上被观看了超过2百万次。他做完演讲5年后，文字版本仍在网上广泛传播。那次讲话如同它表达的信息一样强有力，保持饥饿、愚蠢，把这些作为它的结构和所传递的。“今天我想告诉你们我生命中的三个故事，”乔布斯说。“好了，不要太严肃，只是三个故事。”就这样，观众（读者）被吸引过来。

Future public speakers of the world, take note. You don't have to be a Silicon Valley billionaire to deliver a great speech. The best speeches include a clear, relevant message and a few great stories to illustrate it.　　将来的公共演讲者，注意了。你们不必像硅谷的亿万富翁那样做一个伟大的演讲。最好的演讲包括一个明确，有相关信息且有一些故事来阐明它。

Forget fancy PowerPoint presentations and loads of data. Instead, keep your speech simple, with a clear beginning, middle and end. Focus on one theme, and eliminate everything else. "Speeches are an inefficient form of communication," says Nick Morgan, the president of Public Words, Inc., and author of Trust Me: Four Steps to Authenticity and Charisma. "People don't remember much of what they hear, so focus and keep it simple."　　忘记精美的幻灯片演示和下载数据。相反的，使你的演讲简单，有一个明确的开始，过渡和结尾。关注于主题，减少其他的东西。“演讲是一种低效率沟通的形式，”尼克摩根说，他是公众言语公司的总裁，《相信我》的作者：4个阶段让人信任变的有魅力。“人们不能记住太多他们所听到的，所以演讲要集中并保持简单。”

Use anecdotes. "People struggle so mightily writing speeches when all they have to do is find a message and three great stories to prove it," says Jane Praeger, a Columbia University professor and the president of the speech presentation and coaching firm Ovid Inc. "Those speeches are also easier to deliver because you can recall a story from memory and tell it from your heart. The content has to be inspiring and visual. It should convey emotion and have a particular point of view. If you have the elements of a good speech, your delivery is halfway there."　　用小故事。“人们非常非常努力的写演讲稿，但他们所需做的所有只是找到一条信息并用三个精彩的故事支撑它，”简普拉格说，她是哥伦比亚大学的教授并是话语表达的总裁和奥维德公司固定的教练。“这样演讲更容易做因为你能回忆一个故事并从内心讲述出来。演讲内容必须有鼓舞性和可视性。能传达情感并有一个特定的观点。如果你拥有一个好的演讲的这些元素，你的演讲就有一半了。”

Be relevant to your audience. Ask yourself what problem the audience wants to solve, and talk about that problem first. "Then and only then, talk about your area of expertise as the solution to that problem," says Morgan. "Audiences start off by asking why. Why am I here? Why should I care? If you answer those questions early, then they'll ask how. Your job is to answer the why question first and then address the how."　　和听众相关联。问问自己什么问题是听众想解决的，把这些问题先说。“然后，也只有在这之后，谈你的专家领域里如何解决那个问题的，”摩根说。“听众在开始时会问为什么，为什么我在这？和我有什么关系？如果你早些回答那些问题，他们就会问如何做。你的工作是先回答为什么的问题然后演说如何。”

Ditch the thank yous, and jump right in. People often make the mistake of starting speeches by thanking the introducer or expressing their happiness at being there. "Instead, jump right in with a framing story that suggests what the topic is without giving it all away, a statistic, a question or some kind of interaction with the audience," says Morgan. If you know what your speech is about--and it should be about one thing--you should have an easy time deciding on an opening. Get right into the story and let the audience know what your talk will be about.　　跳过感谢某某某，直接进入演讲。人们通常会犯这样的错误，通过感谢介绍人和表达他们在这的喜悦来开头。“相反的，用一个短小的故事引入意味着不是用这些有的没的的，一个统计，一个问题或者和观众的某种互动都行，”摩根说。如果你知道你的演讲是关于什么的，它必须是一个方面的，你应该决定让开场轻松。马上进入故事并让听众知道你将要说什么。

Use body language that makes you appear comfortable. If you show signs of nervousness, like crossing your arms, or clutching your hands in front of your stomach, your audience will sense your trepidation and be less open to your message. "You have to pretend that you're having a good time and are open to that audience so that they can have a good time and be open back to you," says Morgan. "Successful public speaking is all about passion and emotion. If you're excited, then your audience will be, too."　　用肢体语言，这样让你看起来自在。如果你显示出紧张，像交叉双臂，或把手放在胃部，听众会感觉到你的恐惧并会减少接收你的信息。“你必须装着你很愉快并对听众敞开，这样他们也能很愉悦，并反馈给你，”摩根说，“成功的公众演讲是关于激情和情感。如果你很激动，你的听众也会。”

Stand up straight. Whether you walk across the stage or stand behind a lectern, try to maintain good posture. "Imagine that your head is being held up by a string," says Praeger.　　站直了。无论你是在舞台上走动或站在讲台后面，尽量保持好的姿势。“想象下你的头被绳子悬挂住，”普雷格说。

Articulate your words, regardless of your natural speaking style. "Authenticity is key," Praeger says. "You can't be someone you're not. On the other hand, you can be your best self. Softness doesn't detract from a speech if you're committed to what you're saying. Passion, commitment and conviction are critical for delivery, and you can do that whether you're soft-spoken or not. Any number of delivery styles will work."Practice your speech beforehand. "You would do better practicing in the shower and running the speech in your head rather than practicing in front of a mirror, which is distracting," Praeger says. "You do have to practice out loud, hopefully with a small audience." Practice replacing deadening filler words like "um," "so" and "like" with silence. 　　说话清晰，不要关心自己天然的说话风格。“真实是关键，”普拉格说。“你不能变成你不是的那个人。另一方面，你能做最好的自己。温和的说话不会有损于演讲，如果你如果你致力于你所说的。激情、承诺和信念是表达的关键，不管你用不用温柔的说话方式。任何一种表达方式都可以。”

预先练习。“你最好在洗澡的时候练习，在头脑中过一遍比在镜子前练习好，镜子前易分心，”普雷格说，“你确实需要大声的练习，最好有少量的听众。”练习用沉默来代替没有感觉的填充词，像“嗯，”“这样”和“像”。

Work the room. Try to speak to audience members before your speech, so that you can focus on few friendly faces, particularly if you get nervous. "If you're making eye contact with a friendly person in quadrant one, everyone to their left will think that you're talking to them," says Praeger. "Then do the same thing in quadrant two. You want to see your talk as a series of conversations with different people throughout the room."　　工作空间。在演讲前尝试向听众成员演讲，这样你就能关注少量熟悉的脸，特别是你感到紧张的时候。“如果你看着第一角落的一个熟悉的人，在他们左边的每个人都会认为你是朝他们讲，”普雷格说，“然后向第二角落做同样的事情。你想让你的谈话如果和空间里不同人的一系列谈话。”

Most important, try to enjoy the experience. "The real zen secret is to love what you're doing in that moment," says Morgan. "If you can relax and be happy about being there, the audience will feel that way, too."　　最重要的是试着享受经历。“真正的禅宗秘密是爱上那一刻你所做的，”摩根说，“如果你很放松并且在那很愉快，观众也会有同样的感觉的。”

当众演讲的10项顶级技巧

1.展示您的激情

If I had only one tip to give, it would be to be passionate about your topic andlet that enthusiasm come out. Yes, you need great content. Yes, you needprofessional, well designed visuals. But it is all for naught if you do nothave a deep, heartfelt belief in your topic. The biggest item that separatesmediocre presenters from world class ones is the ability to connect with anaudience in an honest and exciting way. Don't hold back. Be confident. And letyour passion for your topic come out for all to see.

如果我仅有一条建议的话，那就是：对您的话题充满激情，让您的热情爆发出来！不错，您的话题需要完美的内容，需要专业的、精心设计的视觉效果。但是如果您对自己的话题没有深刻的、发自内心深处的自信，那么一切将化为乌有。世界级大师与普通演讲者的最大区别在于，他们具有以真诚而令人兴奋的方式与听众进行沟通的能力。不要退缩！自信起来！将您的激情展现给大家看！

2. Start strong

2.开个好头

You've heard it before: First impressions are powerful. Believe it. The first 2-3minutes of the presentation are the most important. The audience wants to likeyou and they will give you a few minutes at the beginning to engage them --don't miss the opportunity. Most presenters fail here because they ramble ontoo long about superfluous background information or theirpersonal/professional history, etc.

您以前应该听说过：第一印象非常重要。相信这一点。开始2-3分钟的演讲是最重要的。观众要喜欢您，一开始会给您几分钟适应——不要错过这个机会。很多的演讲者栽倒在这里，因为他们花太多的时间来介绍过量的背景知识，或者是他们个人的/专业的历史。

3. Keep it short

3.保持简短

Humanshave short attention spans when it comes to passively sitting and listening toa speaker. Audience attention is greatest at the opening and then again whenyou say something like "In conclusion...." This is just the humancondition, especially so for the busy (often tired) knowledge worker of today.So, if you have 30 minutes for your talk, finish in 25 minutes. It is better tohave the audience wanting more (of you) than to feel that they have had morethan enough. Professional entertainers know this very well.

当人们坐下被动地听您演讲时，他们的注意力是非常短的。在演讲开始的时，以及在您

　　说“综上所述……”的时候，听众的注意力最集中。这是人之常情，特别是对于今天繁忙（经常劳累）的知识工作者来说。因此，如果您有30分钟的演讲，那就25分钟完成吧。最好是让观众感到没听够，而不是让他们觉得您讲的太多。专业的娱乐界艺人就很懂得这个道理。

4. Move awayfrom the podium

4.离开讲台

Get closer to your audience by moving away from or in front of the podium. Thepodium is a barrier between you and the audience, but the goal of our presentationis to connect with the audience. Removing physical barriers between you and theaudience will help you build rapport and make a connection.

站在讲台前面，或离开讲台，去接近您的听众。讲台是您和听众之间的障碍，而我们演讲的目的是与听众建立联系。扫除您和听众之间的实物障碍，有助于您与听众建立联系，利于沟通。

5. Use a remote-control device

5.使用遥控翻页器

To advance your slides and builds, use a small, handheld remote. A handheld remotewill allow you to move away from the podium. This is an absolute must. Keyspanhas two good ones. I highly recommend the Keyspan Presentation Remote. Manypeople like the Interlink remote as well.

使用一种小型的手持式遥控翻页器来控制您的幻灯片。翻页器可使您能够离开讲台。这是绝

　　对必要的！KeySan有两种遥控翻页产品，我吐血推荐Keyspan。不过也有许多人喜欢Interlink 牌子的。

6. Remember the“B” key

6. 记住“B”键

If you press the “B” key while your PowerPoint or Keynote slide is showing, thescreen will go blank. This is useful if you need to digress or move off thetopic presented on the slide. By having the slide blank, all the attention cannow be placed back on you. When you are ready to move on, just press the “B”key again and the image reappears.

当您的PPT或Keynote幻灯片处于放映状态时，按下“B”键，屏幕立即变为空白。这一招在您

　　需要转移话题时非常有用。通过把幻灯片变成空白，就可以将听众的注意力全都转移到您身上。当您准备好继续演讲时，再次按下“B”键，幻灯片图像就会重新出现。

7. Make good eye contact

7.眼神接触

Try looking at individuals rather than scanning the group. Since you are using acomputer, you never need to look at the screen behind you — just glance down atthe computer screen briefly. One sure way to lose an audience is to turn yourback on them. And while you're maintaining great eye contact, don't forget tosmile as well. Unless your topic is very grim, a smile can be a very powerful thing.

尽力用眼睛盯住听众，而不是朝大伙轻瞄一眼。由于您正使用电脑，因此您决不需要看您后面的大屏幕——短时间低头看一下电脑屏幕就行了。把背朝向听众的做法一定会使您失去他们的。而当您和听众保持良好的眼神接触时，别忘了也要微笑一下。除非您的话题非常严肃，否则保持微笑是非常非常有好处的。

8. Keep thelights on

8.打开室内灯光

If you are speaking in a meeting room or a classroom, the temptation is to turnthe lights off so that the slides look better. But go for a compromise betweena bright screen image and ambient room lighting. Turning the lights off — besidesinducing sleep — puts all the focus on the screen. The audience should belooking at you more than the screen. Today’s projectors are bright enough toallow you to keep many of the lights on.

如果您是在会议室或教室演讲，那么关灯之后的幻灯片效果好些。但是要对明亮的屏幕图像　　和室内光线之间进行权衡。关了灯——除非是让大家睡觉——就是把大家的注意力都引到屏幕上了！听众应该多看您，而不是看屏幕！现在的投影仪已经足够亮了，您可以将室内的大多数灯光打开。

9. Use a TV forsmall groups

9.为小组提供电视

If you are presenting to a small group, then you can connect your computer to alarge TV (via the s-video line-in). With a TV screen, you can keep all or mostof the lights on. Make sure your text and graphics are large enough to be seenon the small the screen. You will probably have to increase the type size significantly.

如果您的听众是一个小组，那么你就可以将电脑连接到一个大型电视（通过S端接入）。有了电视屏幕，你就可以打开大部分的灯光。请确保您的文本和图形足够大，这样在小屏幕上才看得清楚。您可能需要增大字号的大小。

10. At alltimes: courteous, gracious, & professional

10.在任何时候：礼貌、和蔼、专业

When audience members ask questions or give comments, you should be gracious andthank them for their input. Even if someone is being difficult, you must keepto the high ground and at all times be a gentleman or lady and courteously dealwith such individuals. The true professional can always remain cool and incontrol. Remember, it is your reputation, so always remain gracious even withthe most challenging of audiences.

当观众提问或作评论的时候，你应该表现心态随和，并感谢他们参与。即使有人刻意刁难，您也要表现出绅士或淑女之风，以高姿态、礼貌的方式妥善处理。真正的专业人士总是能保持冷静，控制局面。请记住，这是您的声誉，即使遇到最难对付的听众，也始终保持和蔼可亲。

PPT演讲组织及准备技巧

1. 从结果开始

Before you evenopen up PowerPoint, sit down and really think about the day of your presentation. What is the real purpose of your talk? Why is it that you wereask to speak? What does the audience expect? In your opinion, what are the mostimportant parts of your topic for the audience to take away from your, say,50-minute presentation? Remember, even if you've been asked to shareinformation, rarely is the mere transfer of information a satisfactoryobjective from the point of view of the audience. After all, the audience couldalways just read your book (or article, handout, etc.) if information transferwere the only purpose of the meeting, seminar, or formal presentation.在您打开PowerPoint前，请坐下来认真想一想您演讲那天的情形。您演讲的真正目的是什么呢？为什么要求您发言？听众的期望又是什么呢？您认为，听众从您50分钟（比如说）的演讲中获得最重要的信息是什么？请记住，即使要求的是简单分享下信息，但在听众看来，纯粹地传递信息并非令人满意。毕竟，如果会议、研讨会或正式演讲仅是为了信息传递的话，听众完全可以看一看您的书（文章、讲义等）就行了，（还要听您讲干嘛？）

2. Know your audience as well as possible2.尽量了解您的听众

Before you begin to formulate the content of your presentation, you need to ask yourself manybasic questions with an eye to becoming the best possible presenter for that particular audience. At the very least, you need to answer the basic "W questions."

想成为优秀的演讲人，您需要在制作演示稿之前问自己一些基本问题。至少您需要回答下面几个基本的“W问题”。

Who is the audience?What are their backgrounds? How much background information about your topic can you assumethey bring to the presentation?听众是谁？他们来自什么行业？您认为他们对您话题的背景知识了解多少？

What is the purpose of the event? Is it toinspire? Are they looking for concrete practical information? Do they want more concepts and theory rather than advice?演讲的目的是什么的？是否为了启发听众？他们是否需要详细而实用的信息？他们是否希望获得更多的概念和理论？而不是为了获得建议？

Why were you asked to speak? What are their expectations of you?为什么要求您发言？他们对您的期望是什么？

Where is it? Find out everything you canabout the location and logistics of the venue.场地在哪里？尽您所能找到场地的位置和会务人员。

When is it? Do you have enough time toprepare? What time of the day? If there are other presenters, what is the order(always volunteer to go first or last, by the way). What day of the week? All of this matters.什么时候开始？您有足够的时间准备吗？演讲几点开始？如果有其他演讲者，顺序是如何安排的？（顺便提一下，您应主动争当第一个或最后一个演讲者）那天是星期几？等等。

3. Content,content, content3.内容为王

No matter howgreat your delivery, or how professional and beautiful your supporting visuals,if your presentation is not based on solid content, you can not succeed. Don'tget me wrong, I am not saying that great content alone will carry the day. Italmost never does. Great content is a necessary condition, but not a sufficientone. But your presentation preparation starts with solid content (appropriate for your audience) which you then build into a winning story that you'll use toconnect with your audience.无论您的演讲技巧多棒，幻灯片做得多专业，多漂亮，如果您的演讲稿缺乏实实在在的内容，那您照样不会取得成功。不要误会，我并不是说单凭好的内容就能获得成功。不是的。好的内容只是必要条件，而不是充分条件。您应该以实实在在的内容（适合听众的）为出发点来准备演讲，再将这些内容有机串连成故事，娓娓向您的听众道来。

A word of caution : Though I am emphasizing how important content is, Ialso am begging you to spare your audience a "data dump." A data dump— all too common unfortunately — is when a presenter crams too much informationinto the talk without making the effort to make the information or dataapplicable to the members of the audience. A data dump also occurs when dataand information do not seem to build on the information that came earlier inthe presentation. Sometimes it almost seems that the presenter is either showing off, or more likely, is simply afraid that if he does not tell the"whole story" by giving reams of data, the audience will not understand his message.警告：虽然我强调内容很重要，但我也恳请您不要把听众当成“话桶”。“话桶”——不幸的是它普遍存在——就是演讲人不下功夫准备适合听众的内容，但却向听众强行灌输大量信息。当演讲内容不是根据演讲之前的要求准备时，也会出现话桶的情况。有时候演讲人似乎是在炫耀，或者可能担心如果不给出大量信息来讲述“整个故事”，听众就难以明白他的意思。

Do not fall intothe trap of thinking that in order for your audience to understand anything,you must tell them everything. Which brings us to the idea of simplicity.

不要陷入以下误区：为了让听众理解所有的内容，就必须告诉他们每一个细节。

4. Keep it simple

4.保持简单

Simple does notmean stupid. Frankly, thinking that the notion of simplifying is stupid is just plain, well, "stupid." Simple can be hard for the presenter, but itwill be appreciated by the audience. Simplicity takes more forethought andplanning on your part because you have to think very hard about what to includeand what can be left out. What is the essence of your message? This is theultimate question you need to ask yourself during the preparation of your presentation. Here's a simple exercise:

简单并不意味着愚蠢。坦率地说，认为简单就是愚蠢恰恰是简单而“愚蠢的”。演讲人做到简单很难，但听众却喜欢。简单需要更多的构思和计划，因为您必须认真考虑哪些内容应该包含在您的演讲中，哪些内容可以被排除在外。您演讲的核心内容是什么？这是您在准备演讲时必须问自己的最终问题。下面是一个简单的练习：

EXERCISE:

练习：

If your audience could remember only three things about your presentation, what would you want itto be?(1)__________(2)__________(3)__________

如果听众只能记住3条您介绍的东西，您希望它们是什么？

（1）__________

（2）__________

（3）__________

5. Outlining your content5.草拟内容

I suggest youstart your planning in "analog mode." That is, rather than divingright into PowerPoint (or Keynote), the best presenters often scratch out theirideas and objectives with a pen and paper. Personally, I use a large whiteboardin my office to sketch out my ideas (when I was at Apple, I had one entire wallturned into a whiteboard!). The whiteboard works for me as I feel uninhibitedand freer to be creative. I can also step back (literally) from what I havesketched out and imagine how it might flow logically when PowerPoint is addedlater. Also, as I write down key points and assemble an outline and structure,I can draw quick ideas for visuals such as charts or photos that will laterappear in the PowerPoint. Though you may be using digital technology when youdeliver your presentation, the act of speaking and connecting to an audience —to persuade, sell, or inform — is very much analog.

我建议您开始以“模拟模式”制作您的幻灯片。也就是说，不要一开始就蒙头使用PowerPoint（或Keynote）软件，优秀的演讲人经常利用纸和笔来草拟他们的想法和目标。对我来说，我使用办公室中的一块大白板来简要描绘我的想法（当我在苹果公司的时候，我将一整面墙变成了我的白板！）。使用白板时，我感觉无拘无束，自由自在，创造力无限。我也可以从已拟出的内容后退一步，想象稍后使用PowerPoint时在逻辑上如何衔接。此外，当在纸上勾画要点，组织大纲结构的时候，我能突然获得一些图表、照片等视觉化想法，而后再将这些想法用PPT表现出来。当您演讲的时候，尽管使用数码技术进行了辅助支持，但说话和与听众互动——说服、推销、报告等行为，也是需要模拟的。

Cliff Atkinson inhis 2005 book, "Beyond Bullet Points," smartly states that startingto create your presentation in PowerPoint before you have your key points andlogical flow first worked out (on paper or a white board in my case) is like amovie director hiring actors and starting to film before there is a script inhand.Cliff Atkinson在他2005出版的《超越要点》一书中打了个形象的比方，他说：在演讲要点和逻辑顺序没有弄清楚之前（用纸或白板）就着手使用PowerPoint制作演示文稿，正如一个电影导演还没拿到剧本就开始招聘演员演戏。

More on "planning analog"

更多关于“规划模拟”

I usually use alegal pad and pen (or a whiteboard if there is enough space) to create a roughkind of storyboard. I find the analog approach stimulates my creativity a bitmore as I said. No software to get in my way and I can easily see how the flowwill go. I draw sample images that I can use to support a particular point,say, a pie chart here, a photo there, perhaps a line graph in this section andso on. You may be thinking that this is a waste of time: why not just go intoPowerPoint and create your images there so you do not have to do it twice?Well, the fact is, if I tried to create a storyboard in PowerPoint, it wouldactually take longer as I would constantly have to go from normal view to slidesorter view to see the "whole picture." The analog approach (paper orwhiteboard) to sketch out my ideas and create a rough storyboard really helpssolidify and simplify my message in my own head. I then have a far easier timelaying out those ideas in PowerPoint. I usually do not even have to look at thewhiteboard or legal pad when I am in PowerPoint, because the analog processalone gave a clear visual image of how I want the content to flow. I glance atmy notes to remind me of what visuals I thought of using at certain points andthen go to iStockphoto.com or to my own extensive library of high-quality stockimages to find the perfect image.

我通常使用笔记本和钢笔（若空间足够大就使用白板）来画草图。我发现这种模拟方法比我所说的更能激发我的创造力。由于没有幻灯片制作软件干扰思路，我可以很容易知道制作的逻辑流程。我可以画一个草图来支持我的某个观点，比如说在这里用一个饼图，在那里用一张照片，也许一个曲线图，等等。您可能会想：这多浪费时间啊！为啥不直接用PowerPoint呢，非得同一件事情重复做两次？这个问题问的好，问题的答案是，如果我用PowerPoint来画图，那么实际上会花费更长的时间，因为我要不断地在PowerPoint普通视图和浏览视图之间切换，以了解幻灯片内容的“全貌”。采用该模拟方法（在纸上或白板上）酝酿我的想法并勾画草图，可以帮助我巩固和简化大脑中的信息。所以当我用PowerPoint表达那些想法时，就很容易了。当使用PowerPoint时，我通常都不看刚才使用的白板和笔记本了，因为模拟过程就给了我清晰的视觉化图像，演讲内容流程如何走向，都历历在目。我看一眼我的笔记，回忆一下某一要点我使用了什么视觉化图形，然后到iStockphoto.com网站或我自己的高品质图像库中寻找最完美的图像。

6. Have a sound,clear structure

6.结构完整、清晰

Take a page outout the McKinsey presentation handbook:presentation structure is paramount.Without it, your wonderful style, delivery and great supporting visuals willfall flat. If you took the time in the first step to outline your ideas and setthem up in a logical fashion, then your thinking should be very clear. You canvisualize the logic of your content and the flow of the presentation. If your ideas are not clear first, it will be impossible to design the proper structurelater when you create visuals and/or supporting documents. Your audience needsto see where you are going. And it is not enough to simply have an"agenda" or "road map" slide in the beginning thatillustrates the organization of your talk. If you do not actually have a solidroad of logic and structure, then an outline slide will be of no use. In fact,the audience may become even more irritated since you made the promise of organization in the beginning, but then failed to deliver the promise with apresentation which is muddled and lacks focus.麦肯锡演示手册指出：演示文稿的结构是至关重要的。没有好的文稿结构，再精彩的演讲风格、技巧和视觉效果都将付诸东流。如果你在第一步花点时间来勾画您的想法，并将其富有逻辑地组织起来，那么您的思路就会变得非常清晰。您可以将内容逻辑和演示流程视觉化处理。如果开始您的想法不清晰，那么在制作幻灯片的时候就不可能设计出合理的结构。您的听众需要知道您的演讲思路。在演讲开始时，仅使用一张“议程表”或“路线图”来展现您演讲的组织结构是不够的。如果您没有严密的逻辑结构，那么一张“议程表”或“路线图”幻灯片也没用。实际上，如果您开始时展示了组织结构，而演示时糊里糊涂，缺乏重点，那么听众可能听得非常烦躁。

7. Dakara nani?(so what?)7.那重要吗？

In Japanese Ioften say to myself, "dakara nani?" or "sore de...?"whichtranslate roughly as "so what?!" or "your point being...?"I say this often while I am preparing my material. When building the content ofyour presentation always put yourself in the shoes of the audience and ask"so what?" Really ask yourself the tough questions throughout theplanning process. For example, is your point relevant? It may be cool, but isit important or help your story in a very important way...or is it fluff?Surely you have been in an audience and wondered how what the presenter wastalking about was relevant or supported his point. "So what?" youprobably said to yourself. "So what?" — always be asking yourselfthis very important, simple question. If you can't really answer that question,then cut that bit of content out of your talk.我经常用日语对自己说，“dakara nani？”或“sore de…？”，大致意思是“那重要吗？”或“您的观点是…？”当我准备资料时，我经常对自己说这句话。当您准备演示稿的内容时，要始终站在听众的角度问自己：“那重要吗？”在整个准备过程中，一定要问自己这些尖锐的问题。例如，您的观点重要吗？这也许很酷，但是重要吗？还是不重要？是的，您应该始终站在听众的角度，不住地质疑演讲内容是否重要，这些内容如何支持演讲人的观点。“那重要吗？”您可能对自己说。“那重要吗？”——总是问自己这个非常重要而简单的问题。如果您实在不能回答这个问题，那么就将这些内容删除掉吧。

8. Can you passthe "elevator test"? 8. 您能通过“电梯测试”吗？

Check the clarityof your message with the elevator test. This exercise forces you to"sell" your message in 30-45 seconds. Imagine this is the situation:You have been scheduled to pitch a new idea to the head of product marketing atyour company, one of the leading technology manufactures in the world. Bothschedules and budgets are tight; this is an extremely important opportunity foryou if you are to succeed at getting the OK from the executive team. When youarrive at the Admin desk outside the vice-president's office, suddenly shecomes out with her coat and briefcase in hand and barks, "...sorry,something's come up, give me your pitch as we go down to the lobby..."Imagine such a scenario. Could you sell your idea in the elevator ride and awalk to the parking lot? Sure, the scenario is unlikely, but possible. What isvery possible, however, is for you to be asked without notice to shorten yourtalk down, from, say, 20 minutes, to 10 minutes (or from a scheduled one hourto 30 minutes), could you do it? True, you may never have to, but practicingwhat you might do in such a case forces you to get your message down and makeyour overall content tighter and clearer.请用电梯测试来检查下您演讲的清晰度。这个练习迫使您在30-40秒内“推销”您的演讲。想象下这个场景：您在一家世界领先的制造企业工作，你被要求向产品营销负责人汇报您的新想法。时间安排和预算都很紧张，如果您要想获得执行小组的肯定，该汇报就是一个极为重要的机会。当您到达副总办公室外面，走到管理人员桌边时，她穿着大衣，拎着手提包突然走出来，“…对不起，有些急事，让我们到大厅去，边走边说…”，想象一下这样的场景。您能在搭电梯或去往停车场的途中成功推销您的想法吗？是的，这是个假想场景，但还是有可能发生的。而且，非常有可能发生的是，若您被临时要求缩短演讲时间，比如从20分钟减少到10分钟（或者从1个小时减少到30分钟），您能做到吗？是的，您可能从来不会遇到，但练习在这种情况下怎么做，可以帮助您修改演讲内容，使之更简洁、更清晰。

Author, Ron Hoff("I Can See You Naked") reminds us that your presentation should beable to pass the David Belasco test while you're in the planning stages. David Belasco was a producer who insisted that the core idea for every successfulplay he produced could be written as a simple sentence on the back of abusiness card. Try it. Can you crystallize the essence of your presentation content and write it on the back of a business card? If the task is impossible for you, then you may want to think again and get your message down pat in yourmind. This too is certainly something you do before you ever begin to open up PowerPoint (Keynote).《我看到您赤裸》的作者Ron Hoff提醒我们，您的演讲在计划阶段就应该能通过大卫·贝拉斯科测试。电影制片人大卫·贝拉斯科认为，他每部成功电影的核心思想都能够简化成一句话，可以写在名片背面。试试看。您能凝练演示稿的主要内容，并将其写在名片上吗？如果您做不到，那么您就需要再次思考，牢记演讲内容。这也是您启动PowerPoint（Keynote）软件之前需要做的事情。

9. The art ofstory telling

9.讲故事的艺术

Good presentations include stories. The best presenters illustrate their points with the use ofstories, most often personal ones. The easiest way to explain complicated ideasis through examples or by sharing a story that underscores the point. Storiesare easy to remember for your audience. If you want your audience to rememberyour content, then find a way to make it relevant and memorable to them. Youshould try to come up with good, short, interesting stories or examples tosupport your major points.好的演讲需要讲故事来协助。最优秀的演讲人以讲故事的方式来说明他们的观点，而且多是有关个人的故事。通过举例子或讲故事来强调某一观点，是解释深奥思想最简单的方法。您的听众很容易记住您讲的故事。如果您希望听众能记住您演讲的内容，那么就想方设法让演讲内容与听众产生关联并使其易于记忆吧。您应该尽量找一些好的、简短的、有趣的故事或例子来支持主要观点。

In addition, it isuseful to think of your entire 30 minute presentation as an opportunity to"tell a story." Good stories have interesting, clear beginnings,provocative, engaging content in the middle, and a clear, logical conclusion. Ihave seen pretty good (though not great) presentations that had very averagedelivery and average graphics, but were relatively effective because thespeaker told relevant stories in a clear, concise manner to support his points.Rambling streams of consciousness will not get it done; audiences need to hear(and see) your points illustrated.

此外，将30分钟的演讲看成“讲故事”的好机会是大有裨益的。好的故事应该是有趣有味、开头明朗、积极向上、内容充实，并且结论清晰而富有逻辑性。我曾经听过不错的演讲（尽管不是很好），演讲人技巧一般，幻灯片也一般，但是演讲效果却相当好，原因在于演讲人以清晰、简洁的故事来支持他的观点。漫无边际的意识流不会产生好的效果；听众需要您形象地说明您的观点。

10. Confidence —How to get it

10.信心——如何得到它

The more you are on top of your material the less nervous you will be. If you have taken thetime to build the logical flow of your presentation, designed supporting materials that are professional and appropriate, there is much less to benervous about. And, if you have then actually rehearsed with an actual computerand projector (assuming you are using slideware) several times, yournervousness will all but melt away. We fear what we do not know. If we know ourmaterial well and have rehearsed the flow, know what slide is next in the deck,and have anticipated questions, then we have eliminated much (but not all) ofthe unknown. When you remove the unknown and reduce anxiety and nervousness,then confidence is something that will naturally take the place of your anxiety.

您对材料准备得越充分，就越不易产生紧张情绪。如果您花了时间来梳理演讲稿的逻辑，设计了专业而适当的支撑材料，那么就没什么可紧张的了。另外，如果您还用电脑和投影仪（假设您使用的是幻灯片软件）进行了几次彩排，那么您所有的紧张将消失得无影无踪。我们因我们知之甚少而焦虑。如果我们对材料了然于心，进行了流程排练，熟悉幻灯片的顺序，准备了预期的问题，那么我们就知之甚多了。当你熟悉了演讲内容和过程，减轻了焦虑和紧张情绪，那么信心自然就有了。

六个令人讨厌的演说习惯

Watching public speaking -- at a corporate seminar, a presentation, a high school assembly -- is more often than not a miserable experience. Part of the problem is that a lot of what's being presented is bullshit, which already doesn't bode well, but lots of speakers make it even worse by trying to glaze the bullshit with decorative cake frosting and sprinkles, so to speak. They'll dress up a five-minute talk on the most obvious and meaningless statements about sexual harassment with annoying gimmicks and tricks to the point where everyone leaves the seminar determined to sexually harass somebody, just out of spite.看看那些公开演讲——公司研讨会、客户提案、高中集会——多半是个痛苦的经历。问题的部分原因是，大部分都是废话，这已经不是一个好兆头，但许多演讲家还给这些扯淡玩意洒满蛋糕奶油和巧克力粉，让这些胡说八道更显恶心。比如，他们会把一个显而易见并且毫无意义的关于性骚扰的即兴演讲，塞满讨厌的噱头和花哨的技巧，以至于最终离开演讲的每个人都恨不得马上骚扰一下旁人以泄怨愤。

Here's a couple of their worst habits:下面的几个最恶劣的习惯:

#6.Blaming the Audience for a Lack of Enthusiasm#6. 指责听众缺少激情

I think a lot of us have run into a guy like this at some time in our lives. Now what can we see here, other than that stock photo minorities are apparently very vindictive people?我想大多数人在生活中都会碰到这些家伙，就像现在看到图上那样。恨之入骨的应该不止图上那几位吧？

Well, the most annoying thing, beyond being nagged to do something you don't really want to do, is that the speaker is basically blaming you, the audience, for not being enthusiastic about something as stupid as his initial greeting, or maybe a catchphrase he wants you to repeat later, or maybe some opinion you're supposed to get excited about.呃，最烦人的事情除了被迫使做你不想做的事之外，还有就是演讲者喋喋不休的责备观众不被他的开场白或者其他愚蠢的事所感染而豪情万丈，可能是接下他让你重复个不停的口号，还有可能是你应该感到兴奋一些观点什么的。

Well, that's his job. He's supposed to get you excited by making the subject matter exciting, not by guilting you into pretending to be excited. Does the pizza delivery guy have the balls to lecture you about not paying him for the pizza when he hasn't brought you any pizza? Does he tell you that good customers pay money? Does he act disappointed in how little you care about the pizza he didn't bring?得承认，这是他的工作。他要做的是，找到让你兴奋的话题来调动现场气氛，而不是怪罪大家没有装的很有激情。难道披萨小子够胆跟你讨价还价说：我没带披萨来，但是我希望你付钱？他还告诉你“好的顾客都是二话不说的掏钱”？而对于没带来你想要的披萨根本没有悔意——哪怕一点点？

It's even slimier when a speaker equates lack of volume with the audience not caring deeply enough about the subject -- especially when the subject is some morally good cause. "That's it? That's all I get when I talk about building houses for the poor?" or "Come on, don't you care about Darfur a little more than that?" You could be giving a thousand dollars a month and passing out flyers all over your campus, but apparently because you don't yell loudly enough at a speech, you don't REALLY care.当一个演讲者与听众在话题上达不到共鸣的时候，演讲本身就是很扯淡——尤其是当话题确实不错的时候，“就这样？当我们谈论廉租房的时候就意味着这个？”或者是“得了吧，难道你不觉得应该更关注达尔福尔地区多一些吗？”你可能找份每月1000美元去学院到处发传单的活，很显然不是因为你在演讲中大喊大叫，一点关系都没有。

Sometimes the speaker means well and naturally shouts about anything he cares about, and is just mistakenly projecting his extroverted personality onto everyone else, but sometimes the speaker is deliberately hoping to redirect well-intentioned audience guilt about a good cause toward cheers for himself. In which case maybe those vindictive minorities above aren't too far off.有时候演讲者出于好意，本能地为他感兴趣的事情大喊呼喊，只是错误地把外向型个人表达方式强加给了他人。然而有时候演讲者蓄谋利用那些善意听众的自责心来换取支持率，在这种情况下，这样一来，上图中那些心怀恶意的少数听众并不远了。

#5.Forced Acrostics and Other Useless Mnemonics#5.拼凑的藏头诗和其他一些没用的记忆法

An acrostic is that piece of shit I made above. It's different from an acronym, I guess, in the sense that saying the whole thing in order doesn't have to make sense, and you can have sentences. Every motivational book or speaker has to have one, and the famous ones are "good" in the sense that they're easy to understand and you can remember what they stand for.上面我写的那首打油诗根本就是个狗屎，这不同于缩略语，这首打油诗表明你可以言之凿凿地去描述一件没任何意义的事。每本励志书或演讲者都有一套这样的东西——看起来让人容易理解并且可以牢记所代表含义，最知名就是关于“好”的解释上。

Unfortunately, that means that every high school speaker and bush league pastor thinks that using them is the key to success.遗憾的是，每个高中的演讲者和新手的牧师都认为，使用这种方法就是演讲成功的关键。

As you can see, when you have to force your points to begin with the letters of whatever cutesy word you come up with, like "SMART" above, you'll end up with convoluted phrases like I've got, or you'll be digging in a thesaurus and coming up with obscure, hard-to-remember synonyms for the word you really wanted. It completely defeats the purpose of the acrostic in making your points easy to remember.你可以看到，当你不得不用这些矫揉造作的单词的开头字母来阐释你的观点时候，就像上面的" SMART "，像我那样，最后导向晦涩复杂的短语，或者被埋进百科全书并被困惑所掩埋，最终很难记住你真的想要的那个同义词。这完全违背了藏头诗的本意——本来是让你的观点更容易被记住的。

Another variant on the same thing is "the 4 E's" or something similar, where you make every point begin with the same letter. This really forces the thesaurus usage.另外一种变种就是"the 4 E's" 或者其他类似的，用相同的字母开始每个观点，这让大家不得不去使用同义词词典。

In this case, it would probably be easier to just make people memorize those three sentences than to make them try to remember the weird, barely used word you came up with, and then figure out what that word was supposed to mean.在这种情况下，它很可能只会让人们更易记住这三句话而不是这些怪胎——突发奇想出些晦涩拗口的词，然后期望大伙明白它的意思。

Seriously, if you can't think of a clever, compact way to make people remember your points, just pass out a goddamned outline. The printing press has been around for over 600 years, maybe make some use of it.更为严重的是，如果你想不到一个聪明的、相关联的方式让人们记住你的演讲要点，那么最终只是给听众留下一个荒谬无比的印象。打印机已经发明了600多年了，是时候考虑用用他们了。

#4.Forced Audience Participation#4.强迫听众参与互动

All that said, I want you to memorize the acronym for Forced Audience Participation (FAP) because it's very apt. FAP is basically a speaker getting his rocks off by having the audience do things that he can fool himself into believing are a sign of how interested they are in his fascinating speech.说的这儿，我建议你应该记住“强迫听众参与互动（FAP）”的缩写，因为它太常见了。FAP基本上是每一个演讲者为之疯狂的事情——让这些听众做点事动起来，他就可以欺骗自己说观众是多么的沉醉于他迷人的演讲。

For example, there's a kind of bad habit going around where the audience has a printed outline of the speech, and at certain points, the speaker asks them to stop and circle a key word. Sometimes this makes sense, I guess, if you're introducing a new term like the 180 degree rule, or if the word is central to all the points you're making. ("Quentin Tarantino goes in a lot of exciting directions in his films but it all comes back to his foot fetish. I want you to circle 'foot fetish.' We're going to come back to that a lot.")举个例子，例如，有种坏习惯很流行，一般这时观众都有演讲的大纲打印稿，突然演讲者要他们停下来圈一个关键词。有时这很有道理，比如你要说明一个新的术语，就像“180度规则”，或者如果这个词是你所有论点的核心。（比如 "昆汀·塔伦蒂诺在他的电影里有诸多性的暗示，一般都回到他的恋足癖上，圈“恋足癖”，我们等下要说到更多关于这个。"）

Filmdrunk "Just like Tarantino does."

电影片段塔伦蒂诺就是这么干的

Of course, all this depends on a grasp of what words are vital and recurring in your speech, and you know what? Most people with that skill know how to emphasize those words without making people circle them on a piece of paper. So most of the people using this trick have no idea what words would be appropriate to circle. I have seen speakers tell me to circle words like "the" and "and" in a desperate last-ditch effort to feel like the audience is listening to something they are saying.当然，这么做的依据是理解这些词非常关键，并且在你的演讲中重复出现，但你知道么？最有技巧的人知道如何强调这些话，而不使人在纸上画圈。所以大部分用这种伎俩的人是“不知道哪个词该圈一下。”我有见过类似的演讲者告诉我告诉我圈一下"the"和"and"，简直是拼了老命似的让自己感受到观众在听他说话。

And it's very self-gratifying when you give an order and everyone obediently scritch-scratches with their pencils. It's easy to fool yourself into thinking, "Well, that particular 'and' I asked them to circle must have been a very important 'and' indeed." But if that's not enough, you might make them repeat key words or phrases out loud, which is annoying in the same sense as forcing a louder "good morning" out of people is annoying.你一个命令，每个人都很乖的唰唰奋笔疾书，那种感觉很棒。很容易安慰自己说，"呃，那个我让他们圈的特别的'and'一定是个非常重要的'and'。"但如果这还不够，你还可以让他们大声重复的那些关键字或短语，这就跟强制大喊"早上好"惹恼听众的人一样令人憎恶。

But if you still can't get an erection after making people dutifully circle and repeat things, you can make them really pretend they're into it by dragging volunteers up to the front of the room and having them participate in stupid skits. You can give them goofy props, to make it funny. Just don't give them anything sharp.当所有人都在乖乖地、不断地画圈圈的时候，你还是没爽到的话，你就可以考虑让他们假装忘情地投入，找一些志愿者站在前排，让他们演一些可笑的短剧，再发一些愚蠢的小道具，让这事更好玩。只是千万别给他们任何利器。

#3.Asking Really Hard or Really Stupid Questions#3.问一些艰涩难懂或者极其愚蠢的问题

There's two ways to ask questions of the audience that will make them hate you. One is to ask really hard questions, where they stress out about getting it wrong and looking stupid in front of everyone. If you've ever attended high school or college, you've probably run into that.有两种提问的办法可以让听众恨你入骨。一个是问一些确实偏门的东西，这样让会他们紧张并且在众人面前看起来像个蠢蛋。如果你正在读高中或者大学，迟早会碰到这种糗事。

The other way might be even worse, when they ask the most obvious question possible. If they ask the audience as a whole, they just want a loud "YES!" or "NO!" same as any of the other forced enthusiasm tactics. But if they single you out, it's really the most no-win situation ever.另外一种办法或许更糟糕：问一些白痴都懂的事情。如果演讲者向听众全体发问这些问题，他们只是想要一个大声的“是”或者不是”，这就像其他那些迫使互动的花招一样。但是如果单独把你指出来，那真的是史无前例的尴尬情景。

After I've had an entire 12-pack of cheap beer, should I get in my car and start driving? What do you think? Todd?" If you answer wrong, you'll look retarded. If you answer right, you will get a much-too-excited string of praise for answering a question a trained monkey could answer.“灌了一打劣质啤酒，我准备钻进车里开始狂飙，你觉得怎么样，托德？”哦，如果你答错了，你将看起来像个智障。答对了的话，等待你的是一连串过分夸张的称赞，只是因为你刚刚回答了一只稍加训练的猴子都能答对的问题。

#2.Local Pandering#2.拉皮条　　Sometimes a speaker likes to show he "gets" his audience by mentioning some local in-joke or popular person in the community. This tactic seems to be used mostly by people who speak at high schools, possibly because high school students often can't tell when they're being manipulated.有时候，演讲者会讲述一些圈内的笑话或者圈内的知名人物，表明自己“跟听众是一伙的”。这种花招常常用在对高中生演讲上，大概是因为这些中学生很难分辨什么时候被操纵了。

However, this Family Guy episode has been around a while now, about some obnoxious teen speakers who put on a skit for the kids and make a one-off joke about how a crazy driver "must be from Jefferson High," causing the high schoolers to laugh on cue and explain, "They're our rivals!" So the kids might be wise to this trick now.但是《恶搞之家》已经播出太久了，有些无趣的演讲者仍会给这些孩子表演某种把戏，即兴笑话描述那些疯狂的司机"肯定来自于杰斐逊高中"，企图引发学生们狂笑一通并准备解释说，"他们就是我们的对手！"。只是这招对于这些孩子们有些太过聪明了。

Do high school kids watch Family Guy? I'm so out of touch.这些高中生会看《恶搞之家》吗？我真成奥特曼了。

My school didn't have a rival high school because we were absolutely apathetic about sports, so one speaker instead kept making jokes about one popular kid (jokes based on how popular the guy must be) and using him as an example. I assume he just asked around ahead of time who the "most popular boy in school" was. This could have worked better considering I went to a 2,000-person school where nobody knew anyone outside of their clique of about 50 people. My only reaction was, "Yeah, that guy sure is a student who attends this school. I think."我读的中学根本没有什么对手，因为我们对体育根本没什么兴趣，所以演讲者开始用某个受欢迎的孩子开玩笑（基于他该是如何的受欢迎）并以他作为靶子，我猜他肯定提前打听过"学校最受欢迎的男孩是谁"。这可能会更好地理解上面的行为：我去过一个2000人的学校，在那里没人认识他们的小圈子（约50人）以外的任何人。对于这位演讲者的花招，我唯一反应是"我想他说的那家伙肯定是这个学校的的学生"。undefined

undefined And you don't get away from it when you move into the corporate world. I've had speakers diss rival companies -- "Of course these are some of the problems that came up when I was over at Company Y. I'm sure nobody here at Company X runs into that problem!" -- or pick out a really vocal employee on the assumption that he must be a popular guy that everybody knows -- "I know none of you guys would do that, but I don't know about Lester over here!"在这里输入译当进入社会系统时候，也还是这一套。我曾经在公司听到演讲者损对手公司--"当然这些都是在Y公司出现的问题，已经被我解决掉了。我相信在这里，在X公司，完全没有这样的问题！ "--或挑选出一个真的员工，并且假定他是众所周知的--"我知道你们中没有人会这么做，但我真不知道莱斯特在这儿！"undefined

undefined #1.Stunts#1.玩绝活undefined

　　undefined

undefined Because speakers often have very little to work with in terms of their subject matter, they often turn to any weird and zany tricks they can think of to keep the audience's attention -- ventriloquism, card tricks, skits, musical performances, knife throwing, whatever.演讲者通常很少愿意在演讲主题方面下点功夫，却把大部分精力转向一些稀奇古怪、滑稽可笑的小把戏——他们认为能吸引观众注意力的事上。什么腹语术，纸牌魔术、滑稽剧、音乐剧，飞刀扎人等等。undefined

The problem is, how often is someone good at both public speaking AND one of these esoteric hobbies? From what I've seen, not very often. And sadly, they're usually lacking on the public speaking side, if not both sides. That means they don't manage to integrate their gimmick seamlessly into their presentation as a way of illustrating their points. They're just basically interrupting their speech every now and then for what is essentially a commercial break where they entertain you.问题在于，一个人有多大机率同时善于演讲“又”善于玩把戏？在我看来很少。而且的是，他们要么不擅长演讲，要么两者都不擅长。也就是说他们很难将唬人的把戏融汇到他们的演讲里以说明他们的观点。他们基本上只是时不时地打断自己的演讲，然后进入广告时段让大伙乐一会。undefined

　　undefined

Or "entertain" you.或者让你乐一会undefined

That means that the boring speech ends up taking even longer because of all the interruptions. You probably would have appreciated it more if they'd left the dummy or the cards at home and just finished up faster. And man, if their gimmick is something truly awful like mime or interpretive dance, they're just doubling up on the misery.因为不停的中断，这就意味着乏味的演讲最终会更漫长。但是如果他们会把道具假人或台词卡忘在家里，整个过程就会快很多，你会感激不尽。可是，如果他们的把戏是些可怕的东西就像默剧或现代舞蹈什么的，留给你的就是无尽的痛苦了。undefined

Pretty much your only hope is that the stunt goes terribly wrong somehow.差不多你这时唯一的希望就是：这把戏什么时候出点可怕的意外就好了。undefined

He took it pretty well, considering.总的来说，他玩的相当不赖。

娜塔莉波特曼

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