转 abstract怎么写？ 转正申请书怎么写

怎样写摘要？

摘要又称提要、概要。发表论文多附有摘要，它是论文主要内容的概括，是全文内容不加注释和评论的简单陈述，便于读者概略了解全文和作为二次文献转载。根据论文的类型、内容和发表方式及写摘要的目的，摘要类型分为①指示性摘要，表明文章主题范围与内容概括的一种“简介”，篇幅要求短，一般50～150字，仅适用于综述、述评、泛述性文章；②报道性摘要，以浓缩信息及具体数据介绍研究工作的目的、方法、结果、结论，揭示研究工作中的重大发现和新内容，一般200～300字。研究报告、专题论文等都应附报道性摘要；③指示/报道性摘要(150～250字)；④资料性摘要(1000～2000字)。一篇好的论著性论文摘要应简短、精粹、完整，一般200字左右。从大量来稿中看，相当一部分作者写得比较规范，但仍有一部分作者对撰写摘要的特点缺乏了解，往往夹杂一些无关紧要的成分或企图把全文内容都概括进去，摘要长达1000多字屡见不鲜。有的作者对该用报道性或指示/报道性摘要却使用了指示性摘要，结果字数太少，提供信息不足；有的对摘要四要素在不同类型摘要中的侧重面掌握不好，该详写的略写了，不能省略的省略了，造成应侧重的结构要素残缺；有的摘要内容重复文题或文中标题，信息价值低，可读性差；有的摘要偏重背景及过程介绍，重复引言内容，不但造成摘要冗长，且未能确切表达论文摘要应侧重表达的需要。
　　其他如摘要开头习惯冠以“本文……”、“本研究……”、“笔者……”等主语；未用第三人称；结论部分妄加评论，随意引申或评论，如“……达到了国际国内……水平”等，均不符合摘要写作要求。

如何写英文摘要Abstract Writing

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The abstract is a veryimportant document for the specialist reader. In combination withthe title , the abstract is the vehicle through which readersidentify and locate an article or a report and decide if they needto read it or not . In the second case, the abstract is a sortingdevice : it should sort out all readers who don't need to read areport from those who do . To fulfill the identifying and locatingfunction , the abstract must contain the bibligraphic informationneeded by libraries and infortmation retrieval systems forcataloguing . To fulfill the sorting function , the abstract mustin addition contain a condensation of the report or the article.

The problem of distinguishingsummaries and abstracts is complicated by the lack of anythingapproaching a general agreement about terminology . In a set ofinstructions for use within a single organization , the problem canbe solved by the use of arbitrary definitions : but in a book forgeneral use ,this simple solution is unsuitable . The basicdefinitions that probably are most widely accepted in industry areas follows.

An abstract is a brief section- rarely more than six or eight lines long - the purpose of whichis to tell the reder what points are covered in some piece ofwriting without attempting to tell him what is said about them. Itmay be written ofr a report or various other kinds of writing . Ifit is written as a section of a report , it is one of the firstparts that a reader encounters . It is an independedt elementrather than an integral part of the body . Such abstracts sometimesappear by themselves in publications devoted entirely to abstractsof material in some particular field .

A summary - at least thesummary of a report - is asection that presents in a highlycondensed form the most important information that the reportcontains . It is brief , but not so brief as the type of abstractdescribed above . It is placed , as an abstrat would be , extremelyearly in the report ; and like an abstract , it is an independentelement rather than a part of the body .