*后天性学者症候群 后天学者综合症

链接：12年前脑后挨闷棍美一男子变身数学天才

贾森·帕吉特

美国中年男子贾森·帕吉特12年前遇袭，脑后挨了一闷棍，醒来后突然展现数学天才。他把这段奇特经历写成回忆录，于22日出版。

帕吉特现年43岁，家住华盛顿州塔科马。12年前，他就是一个普通人，对数学等学科毫无兴趣。

转折点出现在2002年9月13日夜间。当时，他走出一家酒吧。两名男子从他背后偷袭，他头部挨了一闷棍，神志不清，交出夹克后才得以脱身。

第二天醒来，帕吉特走进浴室，觉得眼前的世界完全变了样，“水流变成一条条垂直的线”。

随后，帕吉特开始痴迷于家中所有的线条。并且他不再上班，投入全部时间和精力研究数学和物理，专注于分形几何学。

之后有一天，帕吉特看到一部讲述自闭症天才的纪录片，觉得与自己相似。他向有关专家求助，确诊自己患上了“后天性学者症候群”。这类患者通常因头部受创，突然出现超凡的数学、音乐或艺术才能。全世界大约有40名后天性学者症候群患者。

功能性磁共振成像技术扫描结果显示，帕吉特的左脑非常活跃，尤其是左侧顶叶，这一部位主要负责进行逻辑思维、理性思维和线性思维。那一闷棍似乎改变了帕吉特的脑部结构，使他变成数学天才。（博主观点：一次不幸的遭遇反倒使他成为了了数学天才，感觉帕吉特真的很幸运！但是，这只能说是不幸中的万幸，是一种偶然的结果，想成才的朋友们可千万别人为制造这种特殊情况，因为决定一个人成才与否的因素太多，智商、环境、性格等多种因素缺一不可！）

*书店24小时营业不是一个好方法

图文并茂解说陕西八大怪

1、面条像裤带。

2、锅盔像锅盖

3、辣子一道菜

2000年温家宝访问宝鸡时，曾题下“这里是全国最大的辣椒培育基地”。宝鸡地区是陕西秦椒的主要产地之一，同时也培育秦椒的种子。现在的“航天辣椒”就在陕西地区培育栽种。

4、碗盆难分开

西安有道很著名的菜：老碗鱼。去试试吧，点一份，4个人都够吃了。价格实惠量又大！

5、手帕头上戴

这个，现在的年轻人很少有这么做的了，不过老太太倒是真的常常这样。

6、房子半边盖

7、关中女儿不对外

由于不符合科学，这个怪早已经被打破了。

8、板凳不坐蹲起来

这个很常见，要问为什么，人家会告诉你：蹲着凑是舒服！

其实这八大怪的说法，有的版本还包括“唱戏吼起来”。陕西人好（四声）听秦腔，晚上常有人在公园里自弹自唱。秦腔听起来就跟吼一样。这也能解释为什么陕西出了像郑钧、许巍还有唐朝乐队这样的摇滚了，简单啊，秦腔是另一类的摇滚！

进化论先驱拉马克

　　他被誉为18世纪最后一位伟大的生物学家。达尔文称赞他是第一个在物种起源问题上得出结论的人。他就是进化论的卓越先驱拉马克。

拉马克，法国博物学家。生物学伟大的奠基人之一，生物学一词是他发明的，最先提出生物进化的学说，是进化论的倡导者和先驱。他还是一个分类学家，林奈(Carl von linne'1707～1778)的继承人。主要著作有《法国全境植物志》、《无脊椎动物的系统》、《动物学哲学》等。

　　1744年，拉马克出生在法国的一个落破贵族家庭。他是这个家庭的第11个孩子，但却是唯一长大成人的，前面10个均先后夭折。期待孩子安稳的父母希望他将来做一名牧师，可是拉马克却奔向了普法战争的前线，并因英勇表现而被提拔为上尉。

　　退役后，已经25岁的他进入巴黎高等医学院学习医学，作为必修课开始接触植物学。其间，他结识了著名启蒙思想家卢梭，两人还曾一起外出采集标本。不仅如此，著名植物学家德朱西厄也对拉马克赏识有加，并给予其热情指导。德朱西厄的自然分类法体系则对拉马克影响至深。

　　1778年，拉马克出版了3卷本的《法兰西植物志》，为自己在植物学界赢得了地位。巴黎皇家植物园园长布丰对此书很是重视，举荐拉马克为巴黎科学院院士和皇家植物学家。1788年布丰去世后，其继任者为拉马克谋到了皇家植物园标本管理员的职务。

　　法国大革命后，拉马克提议将皇家植物园改成“国立自然博物馆”。这一提议得到国民议会批准，若干讲座教授职位也得以增设。但奇怪的是，拉马克并未得到他本应获得的植物学教授，只能补缺无人问津的低等动物学教授。

　　这一年，已在研究植物学25年并成绩卓著的拉马克50岁了，但此时他又改行从事当时相当落后的动物学研究。

　　1801年，拉马克的《无脊椎动物的分类系统》问世。书中第一次提出了生物进化的思想，首创了“脊椎动物”和“无脊椎动物”的概念，并且首次引进了“生物学”（biology）一词。1809年，拉马克的巨著《动物学哲学》出版，系统阐释了拉马克主义的进化理论。

　　他认为，生物进化遵循一条由低级到高级、由简单到复杂的阶梯发展序列。而且生物进化并不是严格的直线发展，而是不断分叉，形成树状谱系。

　　此外，他还提出了其著名的获得性遗传理论：生活环境的变化必导致器官的用进废退现象。器官的这些变化被遗传给后代，于是逐渐形成了新的物种。例如，他设想，古代某种羚羊为了吃到更多的树叶，不断地伸长脖子，这一变化遗传给后代，日积月累便有了长颈鹿。

　　尽管他关于进化机制的这一设想今天看来是错误的，但这无法撼动其系统提出进化思想第一人的地位。

　　拉马克毕生辛勤工作，著述颇丰，但同时也遭遇了种种不幸。比如上述他未获植物学教席的例子。不过这对生物学而言却是幸事，因为正是他后期的动物学研究为他的进化思想直接提供了证据。

　　拉马克曾举荐晚辈居维叶，但其做大之后却恩将仇报，处处打击这位观点与之有异的前辈。面对一切不幸的遭遇，拉马克处之泰然，然而命运并未放过这位老人。

　　1821年，由于长期在显微镜下观察低等生物，77岁的拉马克双目失明。当时他正在撰写11卷本的《无脊椎动物志》，已完成前9卷。在强大的毅力支撑下，他通过口述完成了后两卷。

　　1829年，拉马克去世，家庭的贫困使得他只能被混葬在贫民公墓里。

　　1909年，为纪念《动物学哲学》出版100周年，巴黎植物园为拉马克立了一座铜像。铜像底座上刻着他女儿的一句话：“您未完成的事业，后人总会替您继续的；您已取得的成就，后世也总该有人赞赏吧，爸爸！”

　　THE FIR TREE

　 Outin the woods stood a nice little Fir Tree. The place he had was averygoodone: the sun shone on him: asto fresh air, there was enough of that,androundhim grew many large-sized comrades, pines as well as firs. ButthelittleFir wanted so very much to be a grown-up tree.Hedid not think of the warm sun and of the fresh air; he did not carefor thelittlecottage children that ran about and prattled when they were inthewoodslooking for wild-strawberries. The children often came with a wholepitcherfull of berries, or a long row of them threaded on a straw, andsatdownnear the young tree and said, "Oh, how pretty he is! What a nicelittlefir!" But this was what the Tree could not bear tohear.

　　At the end of a year he had shot up a good deal, and after anotheryear he was

　　another long bit taller; for with fir trees one can always tell bythe shoots

　　how many years old they are.

　　"Oh! Were I but such a high tree as the others are," sighed he."Then I should

　　be able to spread out my branches, and with the tops to look intothe wide

　　world! Then would the birds build nests among my branches: and whenthere was

　　a breeze, I could bend with as much stateliness as theothers!"

　　Neither the sunbeams, nor the birds, nor the red clouds whichmorning and

　　evening sailed above him, gave the little Tree anypleasure.

　　In winter, when the snow lay glittering on the ground, a hare wouldoften come

　　leaping along, and jump right over the little Tree. Oh, that madehim so

　　angry! But two winters were past, and in the third the Tree was solarge that

　　the hare was obliged to go round it. "To grow and grow, to getolder and be

　　tall," thought the Tree--"that, after all, is the most delightfulthing in the

　　world!"

　　In autumn the wood-cutters always came and felled some of thelargest trees.

　　This happened every year; and the young Fir Tree, that had nowgrown to a very

　　comely size, trembled at the sight; for the magnificent great treesfell to

　　the earth with noise and cracking, the branches were lopped off,and the trees

　　looked long and bare; they were hardly to be recognised; and thenthey were

　　laid in carts, and the horses dragged them out of thewood.

　　Where did they go to? What became of them?

　　In spring, when the swallows and the storks came, the Tree askedthem, "Don't

　　you know where they have been taken? Have you not met themanywhere?"

　　The swallows did not know anything about it; but the Stork lookedmusing,

　　nodded his head, and said, "Yes; I think I know; I met many shipsas I was

　　flying hither from Egypt; on the ships were magnificent masts, andI venture

　　to assert that it was they that smelt so of fir. I may congratulateyou, for

　　they lifted themselves on high most majestically!"

　　"Oh, were I but old enough to fly across the sea! But how does thesea look in

　　reality? What is it like?"

　　"That would take a long time to explain," said the Stork, and withthese words

　　off he went.

　　"Rejoice in thy growth!" said the Sunbeams. "Rejoice in thyvigorous growth,

　　and in the fresh life that moveth within thee!"

　　And the Wind kissed the Tree, and the Dew wept tears over him; butthe Fir

　　understood it not.

　　When Christmas came, quite young trees were cut down: trees whichoften were

　　not even as large or of the same age as this Fir Tree, who couldnever rest,

　　but always wanted to be off. These young trees, and they werealways the

　　finest looking, retained their branches; they were laid on carts,and the

　　horses drew them out of the wood.

　　"Where are they going to?" asked the Fir. "They are not taller thanI; there

　　was one indeed that was considerably shorter; and why do theyretain all their

　　branches? Whither are they taken?"

　　"We know! We know!" chirped the Sparrows. "We have peeped in at thewindows in

　　the town below! We know whither they are taken! The greatestsplendor and the

　　greatest magnificence one can imagine await them. We peeped throughthe

　　windows, and saw them planted in the middle of the warm room andornamented

　　with the most splendid things, with gilded apples, withgingerbread, with

　　toys, and many hundred lights!"

　　"And then?" asked the Fir Tree, trembling in every bough. "Andthen? What

　　happens then?"

　　"We did not see anything more: it was incomparablybeautiful."

　　"I would fain know if I am destined for so glorious a career,"cried the Tree,

　　rejoicing. "That is still better than to cross the sea! What alonging do I

　　suffer! Were Christmas but come! I am now tall, and my branchesspread like

　　the others that were carried off last year! Oh! were I but alreadyon the

　　cart! Were I in the warm room with all the splendor andmagnificence! Yes;

　　then something better, something still grander, will surely follow,or

　　wherefore should they thus ornament me? Something better, somethingstill

　　grander must follow--but what? Oh, how I long, how I suffer! I donot know

　　myself what is the matter with me!"

　　"Rejoice in our presence!" said the Air and the Sunlight. "Rejoicein thy own

　　fresh youth!"

　　But the Tree did not rejoice at all; he grew and grew, and wasgreen both

　　winter and summer. People that saw him said, "What a fine tree!"and towards

　　Christmas he was one of the first that was cut down. The axe struckdeep into

　　the very pith; the Tree fell to the earth with a sigh; he felt apang--it was

　　like a swoon; he could not think of happiness, for he was sorrowfulat being

　　separated from his home, from the place where he had sprung up. Hewell knew

　　that he should never see his dear old comrades, the little bushesand flowers

　　around him, anymore; perhaps not even the birds! The departure wasnot at all

　　agreeable.

　　The Tree only came to himself when he was unloaded in a court-yardwith the

　　other trees, and heard a man say, "That one is splendid! We don'twant the

　　others." Then two servants came in rich livery and carried the FirTree into a

　　large and splendid drawing-room. Portraits were hanging on thewalls, and near

　　the white porcelain stove stood two large Chinese vases with lionson the

　　covers. There, too, were large easy-chairs, silken sofas, largetables full of

　　picture-books and full of toys, worth hundreds and hundreds ofcrowns--at

　　least the children said so. And the Fir Tree was stuck upright in acask that

　　was filled with sand; but no one could see that it was a cask, forgreen cloth

　　was hung all round it, and it stood on a large gaily-coloredcarpet. Oh! how

　　the Tree quivered! What was to happen? The servants, as well as theyoung

　　ladies, decorated it. On one branch there hung little nets cut outof colored

　　paper, and each net was filled with sugarplums; and among the otherboughs

　　gilded apples and walnuts were suspended, looking as though theyhad grown

　　there, and little blue and white tapers were placed among theleaves. Dolls

　　that looked for all the world like men--the Tree had never beheldsuch

　　before--were seen among the foliage, and at the very top a largestar of gold

　　tinsel was fixed. It was really splendid--beyond descriptionsplendid.

　　"This evening!" they all said. "How it will shine thisevening!"

　　"Oh!" thought the Tree. "If the evening were but come! If thetapers were but

　　lighted! And then I wonder what will happen! Perhaps the othertrees from the

　　forest will come to look at me! Perhaps the sparrows will beatagainst the

　　windowpanes! I wonder if I shall take root here, and winter andsummer stand

　　covered with ornaments!"

　　He knew very much about the matter--but he was so impatient thatfor sheer

　　longing he got a pain in his back, and this with trees is the samething as a

　　headache with us.

　　The candles were now lighted--what brightness! What splendor! TheTree

　　trembled so in every bough that one of the tapers set fire to thefoliage. It

　　blazed up famously.

　　"Help! Help!" cried the young ladies, and they quickly put out thefire.

　　Now the Tree did not even dare tremble. What a state he was in! Hewas so

　　uneasy lest he should lose something of his splendor, that he wasquite

　　bewildered amidst the glare and brightness; when suddenly bothfolding-doors

　　opened and a troop of children rushed in as if they would upset theTree. The

　　older persons followed quietly; the little ones stood quite still.But it was

　　only for a moment; then they shouted that the whole place re-echoedwith their

　　rejoicing; they danced round the Tree, and one present after theother was

　　pulled off.

　　"What are they about?" thought the Tree. "What is to happen now!"And the

　　lights burned down to the very branches, and as they burned downthey were put

　　out one after the other, and then the children had permission toplunder the

　　Tree. So they fell upon it with such violence that all its branchescracked;

　　if it had not been fixed firmly in the ground, it would certainlyhave tumbled

　　down.

　　The children danced about with their beautiful playthings; no onelooked at

　　the Tree except the old nurse, who peeped between the branches; butit was

　　only to see if there was a fig or an apple left that had beenforgotten.

　　"A story! A story!" cried the children, drawing a little fat mantowards the

　　Tree. He seated himself under it and said, "Now we are in theshade, and the

　　Tree can listen too. But I shall tell only one story. Now whichwill you have;

　　that about Ivedy-Avedy, or about Humpy-Dumpy, who tumbleddownstairs, and yet

　　after all came to the throne and married the princess?"

　　"Ivedy-Avedy," cried some; "Humpy-Dumpy," cried the others. Therewas such a

　　bawling and screaming--the Fir Tree alone was silent, and hethought to

　　himself, "Am I not to bawl with the rest? Am I to do nothingwhatever?" for he

　　was one of the company, and had done what he had to do.

　　And the man told about Humpy-Dumpy that tumbled down, whonotwithstanding came

　　to the throne, and at last married the princess. And the childrenclapped

　　their hands, and cried. "Oh, go on! Do go on!" They wanted to hearabout

　　Ivedy-Avedy too, but the little man only told them aboutHumpy-Dumpy. The Fir

　　Tree stood quite still and absorbed in thought; the birds in thewood had

　　never related the like of this. "Humpy-Dumpy fell downstairs, andyet he

　　married the princess! Yes, yes! That's the way of the world!"thought the Fir

　　Tree, and believed it all, because the man who told the story wasso

　　good-looking. "Well, well! who knows, perhaps I may falldownstairs, too, and

　　get a princess as wife!" And he looked forward with joy to themorrow, when

　　he hoped to be decked out again with lights, playthings, fruits,and tinsel.

　　"I won't tremble to-morrow!" thought the Fir Tree. "I will enjoy tothe full

　　all my splendor! To-morrow I shall hear again the story ofHumpy-Dumpy, and

　　perhaps that of Ivedy-Avedy too." And the whole night the Treestood still and

　　in deep thought.

　　In the morning the servant and the housemaid came in.

　　"Now then the splendor will begin again," thought the Fir. But theydragged

　　him out of the room, and up the stairs into the loft: and here, ina dark

　　corner, where no daylight could enter, they left him. "What's themeaning of

　　this?" thought the Tree. "What am I to do here? What shall I hearnow, I

　　wonder?" And he leaned against the wall lost in reverie. Timeenough had he

　　too for his reflections; for days and nights passed on, and nobodycame up;

　　and when at last somebody did come, it was only to put some greattrunks in a

　　corner, out of the way. There stood the Tree quite hidden; itseemed as if he

　　had been entirely forgotten.

　　"'Tis now winter out-of-doors!" thought the Tree. "The earth ishard and

　　covered with snow; men cannot plant me now, and therefore I havebeen put up

　　here under shelter till the spring-time comes! How thoughtful thatis! How

　　kind man is, after all! If it only were not so dark here, and soterribly

　　lonely! Not even a hare! And out in the woods it was so pleasant,when the

　　snow was on the ground, and the hare leaped by; yes--even when hejumped over

　　me; but I did not like it then! It is really terribly lonelyhere!"

　　"Squeak! Squeak!" said a little Mouse, at the same moment, peepingout of his

　　hole. And then another little one came. They snuffed about the FirTree, and

　　rustled among the branches.

　　"It is dreadfully cold," said the Mouse. "But for that, it would bedelightful

　　here, old Fir, wouldn't it?"

　　"I am by no means old," said the Fir Tree. "There's many a oneconsiderably

　　older than I am."

　　"Where do you come from," asked the Mice; "and what can you do?"They were so

　　extremely curious. "Tell us about the most beautiful spot on theearth. Have

　　you never been there? Were you never in the larder, where cheeseslie on the

　　shelves, and hams hang from above; where one dances about on tallowcandles:

　　that place where one enters lean, and comes out again fat andportly?"

　　"I know no such place," said the Tree. "But I know the wood, wherethe sun

　　shines and where the little birds sing." And then he told all abouthis youth;

　　and the little Mice had never heard the like before; and theylistened and

　　said,

　　"Well, to be sure! How much you have seen! How happy you must havebeen!"

　　"I!" said the Fir Tree, thinking over what he had himself related."Yes, in

　　reality those were happy times." And then he told aboutChristmas-eve, when he

　　was decked out with cakes and candles.

　　"Oh," said the little Mice, "how fortunate you have been, old FirTree!"

　　"I am by no means old," said he. "I came from the wood this winter;I am in my

　　prime, and am only rather short for my age."

　　"What delightful stories you know," said the Mice: and the nextnight they

　　came with four other little Mice, who were to hear what the Treerecounted:

　　and the more he related, the more he remembered himself; and itappeared as if

　　those times had really been happy times. "But they may stillcome--they may

　　still come! Humpy-Dumpy fell downstairs, and yet he got aprincess!" and he

　　thought at the moment of a nice little Birch Tree growing out inthe woods: to

　　the Fir, that would be a real charming princess.

　　"Who is Humpy-Dumpy?" asked the Mice. So then the Fir Tree told thewhole

　　fairy tale, for he could remember every single word of it; and thelittle Mice

　　jumped for joy up to the very top of the Tree. Next night two moreMice came,

　　and on Sunday two Rats even; but they said the stories were notinteresting,

　　which vexed the little Mice; and they, too, now began to think themnot so

　　very amusing either.

　　"Do you know only one story?" asked the Rats.

　　"Only that one," answered the Tree. "I heard it on my happiestevening; but I

　　did not then know how happy I was."

　　"It is a very stupid story! Don't you know one about bacon andtallow candles?

　　Can't you tell any larder stories?"

　　"No," said the Tree.

　　"Then good-bye," said the Rats; and they went home.

　　At last the little Mice stayed away also; and the Tree sighed:"After all, it

　　was very pleasant when the sleek little Mice sat round me, andlistened to

　　what I told them. Now that too is over. But I will take good careto enjoy

　　myself when I am brought out again."

　　But when was that to be? Why, one morning there came a quantity ofpeople and

　　set to work in the loft. The trunks were moved, the tree was pulledout and

　　thrown--rather hard, it is true--down on the floor, but a man drewhim towards

　　the stairs, where the daylight shone.

　　"Now a merry life will begin again," thought the Tree. He felt thefresh air,

　　the first sunbeam--and now he was out in the courtyard. All passedso quickly,

　　there was so much going on around him, the Tree quite forgot tolook to

　　himself. The court adjoined a garden, and all was in flower; theroses hung so

　　fresh and odorous over the balustrade, the lindens were in blossom,the

　　Swallows flew by, and said, "Quirre-vit! My husband is come!" butit was not

　　the Fir Tree that they meant.

　　"Now, then, I shall really enjoy life," said he exultingly, andspread out his

　　branches; but, alas, they were all withered and yellow! It was in acorner

　　that he lay, among weeds and nettles. The golden star of tinsel wasstill on

　　the top of the Tree, and glittered in the sunshine.

　　In the court-yard some of the merry children were playing who haddanced at

　　Christmas round the Fir Tree, and were so glad at the sight of him.One of the

　　youngest ran and tore off the golden star.

　　"Only look what is still on the ugly old Christmas tree!" said he,trampling

　　on the branches, so that they all cracked beneath hisfeet.

　　And the Tree beheld all the beauty of the flowers, and thefreshness in the

　　garden; he beheld himself, and wished he had remained in his darkcorner in

　　the loft; he thought of his first youth in the wood, of themerry

　　Christmas-eve, and of the little Mice who had listened with so muchpleasure

　　to the story of Humpy-Dumpy.

　　"'Tis over--'tis past!" said the poor Tree. "Had I but rejoicedwhen I had

　　reason to do so! But now 'tis past, 'tis past!"

　　And the gardener's boy chopped the Tree into small pieces; therewas a whole

　　heap lying there. The wood flamed up splendidly under the largebrewing

　　copper, and it sighed so deeply! Each sigh was like ashot.

　　The boys played about in the court, and the youngest wore the goldstar on his

　　breast which the Tree had had on the happiest evening of his life.However,

　　that was over now--the Tree gone, the story at an end. All, allwas

　　over--every tale must end at last.

　　枞树

　　外边的大树林里长着一株非常可爱的小枞树。它生长的地点很好,能得到太阳光和充分的新鲜空气,周围还有许多大朋友——松树和别的枞树。不过这株小枞树急着要长大,它一点也不理睬温暖的太阳和新鲜的空气。当农家的小孩子出来找草莓和覆盆子、走来走去、闲散地聊天的时候,它也不理会他们。有时他们带着满钵子的、或用草穿起来的长串的莓子到来。他们坐在小枞树旁边,说:"嗨,这个小东西是多么可爱啊!"而这株树一点也不愿意听这话。

　　一年以后它长了一节;再过一年它又长了一节。因此你只要看枞树有多少节,就知道它长了多少年。

　　"啊,我希望我像别的树一样,是一株大树!"小枞树叹了一口气说,"那么我就可以把我的枝丫向四周伸展开来,我的头顶就可以看看这个广大的世界!那么鸟儿就可以在我的枝上做窠;当风吹起来的时候,我就可以像别的树一样,像煞有介事地点点头了。"

　　它对于太阳、鸟雀,对于在早晨和晚间飘过去的红云,一点也不感到兴趣。

　　现在是冬天了,四周的积雪发出白亮的光。有时一只兔子跑过来,在小枞树身上跳过去。……啊!这才叫它生气呢!

　　不过两个冬天又过去了。当第三个冬天到来的时候,小枞树已经长得很大了,兔子只好绕着它走过去。

　　啊!生长,生长,长成为大树,然后变老,只有这才是世界上最快乐的事情!小枞树这样想。

　　在冬天,伐木人照例到来了,砍下几株最大的树。这类事情每年总有一次。这株年轻的枞树现在已经长得相当大了;它有点颤抖起来,因为那些堂皇的大树轰然一声倒到地上来了。它们的枝子被砍掉,全身溜光,又长又瘦——人们简直没有办法认出它们来,但是它们被装上车子,被马儿拉出树林。

　　它们到什么地方去了呢?它们会变成什么呢?

　　在春天,当燕子和鹳鸟飞来的时候,枞树就问它们:"你们知道人们把它们拖到什么地方去了吗?你们碰到过它们没有?"

　　燕子什么也不知道。不过鹳鸟很像在想一件事情,连连点着头,说:"是的,我想是的!当我从埃及飞出来的时候,我碰到过许多新船。这些船上有许多美丽的桅杆;我想它们就是那些树。它们发出枞树的气味。我看见过许多次;它们昂着头!它们昂着头。"

　　"啊,我多么希望我也能长大得足够在大海上航行!海究竟是怎样的呢?它是什么样儿的呢?"

　　"嗨,要解释起来,那可是不简单!"鹳鸟说着便走开了。

　　"享受你的青春吧,"太阳光说,"享受你蓬勃的生长,享受你身体里新鲜的生命力吧!"

　　风儿吻着这株树,露珠在它身上滴着眼泪。但是这株树一点也不懂得这些事情。

　　当圣诞节到来的时候,有许多很年轻的树被砍掉了①。有的既不像枞树那样老,也不像它那样大,更不像它那样性急,老想跑开。这些年轻的树儿正是一些最美丽的树儿,所以它们都保持住它们的枝叶。它们被装上车子,马儿把它们拉出了树林。

　　①在西方信奉基督教的国家,每年圣诞节时就要弄来一株枞树,竖在堂屋里,树上挂满小蜡烛和小袋,袋里装一些礼物,在圣诞节那天送给孩子们,象征性地把这当作圣诞老人带给孩子们的礼物。

　　"它们到什么地方去呢?"枞树问。"它们并不比我更大。是的,有一株比我还小得多呢。为什么它们要保留住枝叶呢?它们被送到什么地方去呢?"

　　"我们知道!我们知道!"麻雀唧唧喳喳地说。"我们在城里朝窗玻璃里面瞧过!我们知道它们到什么地方去!哦!它们要到最富丽堂皇的地方去!我们朝窗子里瞧过。我们看到它们被放在一个温暖房间的中央,身上装饰着许多最美丽的东西——涂了金的苹果啦,蜂蜜做的糕饼啦,玩具啦,以及成千成百的蜡烛啦!"

　　"后来呢?"枞树问;它所有的枝子都颤动起来了。"后来呢?后来怎样一个结果呢?"

　　"唔,以后的事我们没有看见。不过那是美极了!"

　　"也许有一天我也不得不走上这条光荣的大道吧!"枞树高兴地说。"这比在海上航行要好得多!我真等待得不耐烦了!我唯愿现在就是圣诞节!现在我已经大了,成人了,像去年被运走的那些树一样!啊,我希望我高高地坐在车子上!我希望我就在那个温暖的房间里,全身打扮得漂漂亮亮!那么,以后呢?是的,以后更好、更美的事情就会到来,不然他们为什么要把我打扮得这样漂亮呢?一定会有更伟大、更美丽的事情到来的。不过什么事情呢?啊,我真痛苦!我真渴望!

　　我自己也不知道为什么要这样!"

　　"请你跟我们一道享受你的生活吧!"空气和太阳光说。

　　"请你在自由中享受你新鲜的青春吧!"

　　不过枞树什么也不能享受。它一直在生长,生长。在冬天和夏天,它老是立在那儿,发绿——荫深的绿。看到过它的人说:"这是一株美丽的树!"到了圣诞节的时候,它是最先被砍掉了的一株。斧头深深地砍进树心里去,于是它叹了一口气就倒到地上来了:它感到一种痛楚,一阵昏厥,它完全想不起什么快乐。离开自己的家,离开自己根生土长的这块地方,究竟是很悲惨的。它知道自己将永远也见不到那些亲爱的老朋友,周围那些小灌木林和花丛了——也许连鸟儿也不会再见到呢,别离真不是什么愉快的事情。

　　当这树跟许多别的树在院子里一齐被卸下来的时候,它才清醒过来。它听到一个人说:"这是一株很好看的树儿;我们只要这一株!"

　　两位穿得很整齐的仆人走来了,把这枞树抬到一间漂亮的大客厅里去。四边墙上挂着许多画像,在一个大瓷砖砌的火炉旁边立着高大的中国花瓶——盖子上雕塑着狮子。这儿还有摇椅、绸沙发、堆满了画册的大桌子和价值几千几万元的玩具——至少小孩子们是这样讲的。枞树被放进装满了沙子的大盆里。不过谁也不知道这是一个盆,因为它外面围着一层布,并且立在一张宽大的杂色地毯上。啊,枞树抖得多厉害啊!现在会有什么事情发生呢?仆人和小姐们都来打扮它。他们把花纸剪的小网袋挂在它的枝子上,每个小网袋里都装满了糖果;涂成金色的苹果和胡桃核也挂在上面,好像它们原来就是生长在上面似的。此外,枝子上还安有一百多根红色、白色和蓝色的小蜡烛。跟活人一模一样的玩偶在树叶间荡来荡去,枞树从来没有看到过这种东西。树顶上还安有一颗银纸做的星星。这真是漂亮,分外地漂亮。

　　"今晚,"大家说,"今晚它将要放出光明。"

　　"啊,"枞树想,"我希望现在就已经是夜晚了!啊,我希望蜡烛马上点起来!还有什么会到来呢?也许树林里的树儿会出来看我吧?麻雀会在窗玻璃面前飞过吧?也许我会在这儿生下根来,在夏天和冬天都有这样的打扮吧?"

　　是的,它所知道的就只这些。它的不安使它得到一种经常皮痛的毛病,而这种皮痛病,对于树说来,其糟糕的程度比得上我们的头痛。

　　最后,蜡烛亮起来了。多么光辉,多么华丽啊!枞树的每根枝子都在发抖,弄得一根蜡烛烧着了一根小绿枝。这才真叫它痛呢。

　　"愿上帝保佑我们!"年轻的姑娘们都叫起来。她们急忙把火灭掉了。

　　枞树现在可不敢再发抖了。啊,这真是可怕呀!它非常害怕失掉任何一件装饰品,它们射出的光辉把它弄得头昏目眩。现在那两扇门推开了,许多小孩子涌进来,好像他们要把整个的树都弄倒似的。年纪大的人镇定地跟着他们走进来。这些小家伙站着,保持肃静。不过这只有一分钟的光景。接着他们就欢呼起来,弄出一片乱糟糟的声音。他们围着这株树跳舞,同时把挂在它上面的礼物一件接一件地取走了。

　　"他们打算怎么办呢?"枞树想。"有什么事情会发生呢?"

　　蜡烛烧到枝子上来了。当它们快要烧完的时候,它们便被扑灭了,这时孩子们便得到准许来掳掠这株树。啊!他们向它冲过来,所有的枝丫都发出折裂声。要不是树顶和顶上的一颗金星被系到天花板上,恐怕它早就倒下来了。

　　孩子们拿起美丽的玩具在周围跳舞。谁也不想再看这株树了,只有那位老保姆在树枝间东张西望了一下,而她只不过想知道是不是还有枣子或苹果没有被拿走。

　　"讲一个故事!讲一个故事!"孩子们嘟囔着,同时把一位小胖子拖到树这边来。他坐在树底下——"因为这样我们就算是在绿树林里面了,"他说。"树儿听听我的故事也是很好的。不过我只能讲一个故事。你们喜欢听关于依维德·亚维德的故事呢,还是听关于那位滚下了楼梯、但是却坐上了王位、得到了公主的泥巴球①呢?"

　　①原文是Klumpe-dumpe,照字面直译就是"滚着的泥块"。

　　"讲依维德·亚维德的故事!"有几个孩子喊着。"讲泥巴球的故事!"另外几个孩子喊着。这时闹声和叫声混做一团。

　　只有枞树默默地不说一句话。它在想:"我不能参加进来吗?我不能做一点事儿吗?"不过它已经参加了进来,它应该做的事已经做了。

　　胖子讲着泥巴球的故事——"他滚下楼梯,又坐上了王位,并且得到了公主。"孩子们都拍着手!叫道:"讲下去吧!讲下去吧!"因为他们想听依维德·亚维德的故事,但是他们却只听到了泥巴球的故事。枞树立着一声不响,只是沉思着。树林里的鸟儿从来没有讲过这样的故事。泥巴球滚下了楼梯,结果仍然得到了公主!"是的,世界上的事情就是这样!"枞树想,并且以为这完全是真的,因为讲这故事的人是那么一位可爱的人物。"是的,是的,谁能知道呢?可能我有一天也会滚下楼梯,结果却得到一位公主!"于是它很愉快地盼望在第二天晚上又被打扮一番,戴上蜡烛、玩具、金纸和水果。

　　"明天我决不再颤动了!"它想。"我将要尽情为我华丽的外表而得意。明天我将要再听泥巴球的故事,可能还听到依维德·亚维德的故事呢。"

　　于是枞树一声不响,想了一整夜。

　　早晨,仆人和保姆都进来了。

　　"现在我又要漂亮起来了!"枞树想。不过他们把它拖出屋子,沿着楼梯一直拖到顶楼上去。他们把它放在一个黑暗

　　的角落里,这儿没有一点阳光可以射进来。

　　"这是什么意思?"枞树想。"我在这儿干吗呢?我在这儿能听到什么东西呢?"

　　它靠墙站着,思索起来。它现在有的是时间思索;白天和晚间在不停地过去,谁也不来看它。最后有一个人到来,但是他的目的只不过是要搬几个空箱子放在墙角里罢了。枞树完全被挡住了,人们也似乎把它忘记得一干二净了。

　　"现在外边是冬天了!"枞树想。"土地是硬的,盖上了雪花,人们也不能把我栽下了;因此我才在这儿被藏起来,等待春天的到来!人们想得多么周到啊!人类真是善良!我只希望这儿不是太黑暗、太孤寂得可怕!——连一只小兔子也没有!树林里现在一定是很愉快的地方,雪落得很厚,兔子在跳来跳去;是的,就是它在我头上跳过去也很好——虽然我那时不大喜欢这种举动。这儿现在真是寂寞得可怕呀!"

　　"吱!吱!"这时一只小耗子说,同时跳出来。不一会儿另外一只小耗子又跳出来了。它们在枞树身上嗅了一下,于是便钻进枝丫里面去。

　　"真是冷得怕人!"两只小耗子说。"否则待在这儿倒是蛮舒服的。老枞树,你说对不对?"

　　"我一点也不老,"枞树说。"比我年纪大的树多着呢!"

　　"你是从什么地方来的?"耗子问。"你知道什么东西?"它们现在非常好奇起来。"请告诉我们一点关于世界上最美的地方的事情吧!你到那儿去过么?你到储藏室去过吗?那儿的架子上放着许多乳饼,天花板下面挂着许多火腿;那儿,我们在蜡烛上跳舞;那儿,我们走进去的时候瘦,出来的时候胖。"

　　"这个我可不知道,"枞树说。"不过我对于树林很熟悉——那儿太阳照着,鸟儿唱着歌。"

　　于是它讲了一些关于它的少年时代的故事。小耗子们从来没有听过这类事情,它们静听着,说:

　　"嗨,你看到过的东西真多!你曾经是多么幸福啊!"

　　"我吗?"枞树说,同时把自己讲过的话想了一下,"是的,那的确是非常幸福的一个时期!"于是它叙述圣诞节前夕的故事——那时它身上饰满了糖果和蜡烛。

　　"啊,"小耗子说,"你曾经是多么幸福啊,你这株老枞树!"

　　"我并不老呀!"枞树说。"我不过是今年冬天才离开树林的。我是一个青壮年呀,虽然此刻我已经不再生长!"

　　"你的故事讲得多美啊!"小耗子说。

　　第二天夜里,它们带来另外四个小耗子听枞树讲故事。它越讲得多,就越清楚地回忆起过去的一切。于是它想:"那的确是非常幸福的一个时期!但是它会再回来!它会再回来!泥巴球滚下了楼梯,结果得到了公主。可能我也会得到一位公主哩!"这时枞树想起了长在树林里的一株可爱的小赤杨:对于枞树说来,这株赤杨真算得是一位美丽的公主。

　　"谁是那位泥巴球?"小耗子问。

　　枞树把整个故事讲了一遍,每一个字它都能记得清清楚楚。这些小耗子乐得想在这株树的顶上翻翻跟头。第二天晚上有更多的小耗子来了,在礼拜天那天,甚至还有两个大老鼠出现了。不过它们认为这个故事并不好听;小耗子们也觉得很惋惜,因为它们对这故事的兴趣也淡下来了。

　　"你只会讲这个故事么?"大老鼠问。

　　"只会这一个!"枞树回答说。"这故事是我在生活中最幸福的一个晚上听到的。那时我并不觉得我是多么幸福!"

　　"这是一个很蹩脚的故事!你不会讲一个关于腊肉和蜡烛的故事么?不会讲一个关于储藏室的故事么?"

　　"不会!"枞树说。

　　"那么谢谢你!"大老鼠回答说。于是它们就走开了。

　　最后小耗子们也走开了。枞树叹了一口气,说:

　　"当这些快乐的小耗子坐在我身旁、听我讲故事的时候,一切倒是蛮好的。现在什么都完了!不过当人们再把我搬出去的时候,我将要记住什么叫做快乐!"

　　不过结果是怎样呢?嗨,有一天早晨人们来收拾这个顶楼:箱子都被挪开了,枞树被拖出来了——人们粗暴地把它扔到地板上,不过一个佣人马上把它拖到楼梯边去。阳光在这儿照着。

　　"生活现在又可以开始了!"枞树想。

　　它感觉到新鲜空气和早晨的太阳光。它现在是躺在院子里。一切是过得这样快,枞树也忘记把自己看一下——周围值得看的东西真是太多了。院子是在一个花园的附近;这儿所有的花都开了。玫瑰悬在小小的栅栏上,又嫩又香。菩提树也正在开着花。燕子们在飞来飞去,说"吱尔——微尔——微特!我们的爱人回来了!"不过它们所指的并不是这株枞树。

　　"现在我要生活了!"枞树兴高采烈地说,同时把它的枝子展开。但是,唉!这些枝子都枯了,黄了。它现在是躺在一个生满了荆棘和荒草的墙角边。银纸做的星星还挂在它的顶上,而且还在明朗的太阳光中发亮呢。

　　院子里有几个快乐的小孩子在玩耍。他们在圣诞节的时候,曾绕着这树跳过舞,和它在一块高兴过。最年轻的一个小孩子跑过来,摘下一颗金星。

　　"你们看,这株奇丑的老枞树身上挂着什么东西!"这孩子说。他用靴子踩着枝子,直到枝子发出断裂声。

　　枞树把花园里盛开的花和华丽的景色望了一眼,又把自己看了一下,它希望自己现在仍然待在顶楼的一个黑暗的角落里。它想起了自己在树林里新鲜的青春时代,想起了那快乐的圣诞节前夕,想起了那些高兴地听着它讲关于泥巴球的故事的小耗子们。

　　"完了!完了!"可怜的枞树说。"当我能够快乐的时候,我应该快乐一下才对!完了!完了!"

　　佣人走来了,把这株树砍成碎片。它成了一大捆柴,它在一个大酒锅底下熊熊地燃着。它深深地叹着气;每一个叹息声就像一个小小的枪声。在那儿玩耍着的小孩子们跑过来,坐在火边,朝它里面望,同时叫着:"烧呀!烧呀!"每一个爆裂声是一个深深的叹息。在它发出每一声叹息的时候,它就回想起了在树林里的夏天,和星星照耀着的冬夜;它回忆起了圣诞节的前夕和它所听到过的和会讲的唯一的故事——泥巴球的故事。这时候枞树已经全被烧成灰了。

　　孩子们都在院子里玩耍。最小的那个孩子把这树曾经在它最幸福的一个晚上所戴过的那颗金星挂在自己的胸前。现在一切都完了,枞树的生命也完了,这故事也完了;完了!完了!——一切故事都是这样。

　　(1845年)

　　这篇故事收集在《新的童话》第二部。树丛在"太阳照着,鸟儿唱着歌"的青翠树林中,被迁到"一间漂亮大客厅里",作为圣诞树,身上挂满了闪耀的银丝,蓝色、白色的蜡烛和小礼品袋,经历很不平凡,也很光荣,它可说达到了它生活的顶峰,但它却很害怕,享受不了这意想不到的光荣和幸福。待圣诞节一过,它所能起的作用终了,它就被扔到废物堆里了,最后被当作柴火烧掉了。"当我能够快乐的时候我应该快乐一下才对!完了!完了!"它醒悟过来时,已经来不及了。这也是我们人生中常见的现象。安徒生写这篇故事据说不是想说明这个问题,而是在泄露在他进入中年期间——他发表这篇故事时正好是40岁——灵魂的不安。由于什么而不安?他没有作出回答。只是从这时开始,他的写作风格进入了一个转折点:由充满了浪漫主义的幻想和诗情,转向冷静而略带一点哀愁的,有关人生的现实主义描绘。

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