考研英语二真题及答案 382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

2009--2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题

MBA, MPA, MPAcc 专业硕士统一考试

2009年考研英语二真题及答案解析

Section II Close(10%)

Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage ,there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 with a pencil. (10 points)

In1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had(21)the $100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge (22) from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread (23) in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria's delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have (24) the economic and political map of the world, (25) some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, (26) major importers—including chinaand India, home to a third of the world's population-- (27) rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central

(28) of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to (29) scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, (30) how unpleasant, to do it .

In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption,(31) these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments,

(32) some in the west see as a new threat.

Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, (34) costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. (35) it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia (36) 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.

In the United States, as already high gas prices rose (37) higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama (38) for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to (39) ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems (40) the country reported a sharp increase in riders.

21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived

22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged

23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D.instability

24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed

25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatenin

26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though

27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront

28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event

29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off

30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of

31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating

32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom

33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues

34. A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as

35. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As

36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplie

37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly

38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding

39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform

40.A. for B. from C. across D. Over

Part III Reading Comprehension (40%)

Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.

PASSAGE1.

Henric Ibsen ,author of the play"A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons .Her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January Ist ,2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.

Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female , according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck , head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,"be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.

Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.

Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen , who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."

41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to?????????? .

A. depict women's dilemma at work

B. explain the newly passed law

C. support Norwegian government

D. introduce the topic under discussion

42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to?????????? .

A. pay a heavy fine

B. close down its business

C. change to a private business

D. sign a document promising to act

43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?

A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.

B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.

C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.

D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.

44.The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to??????????? .

A. the small number of qualified females in management

B. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companies

C. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positions

D. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles

45. The main idea of the passage might be???????? .

A. female power and liberation in Norway

B. the significance of Henric Ibsen's play

C. women's status in Norwegian firms

D. the constitution of board members in Norway

PASSAGE2

While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.

In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.

Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healing addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of? "cancer babes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.

Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru ), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer road trips," she calls them).

She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin my party," she writes. " There are just too many cool things to do and plan and live for."

Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. " people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes.

While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.

46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?

A. Children.

B. People in their 20s and 30s.

C. Young adults.

D. Elderly people.

47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.

A. Kris Carr is a female writer

B. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.

C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.

D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.

48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________

A. a cancer research organization

B. a group of people who suffer from cancer

C. people who have recovered from cancer

D. people who cope with cancer

49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________

A. she is depressed and likes swearing

B. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctor

C. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctor

D. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor

50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________

A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancer

B. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancer

C. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colors

D. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patients

PASSAGE3

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:

Should a leader strive to be loved or feared?This question,famously posed by Machiavelli,lies at the heart of Joseph Nye's new book.Mr.Nye,a former dean of the Kennedy School of Govemment at Harvard and one-time chairman of America's National Intelligence Council,is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power",based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to "hard power",based on coercion(强迫) and force.

Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books,Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership,in both the political and business spheres.Machiavelli,he notes,concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved,but as it is difficult for the two to go together,it is much safer to be feared than loved."In short,hard power is preferable to soft power.But modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.

The context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.In modem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.Mr.Nye argues.Instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.The conclusion of The Powers to Lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.

The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.Anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but Mr,Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.He examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider

context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.There are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical and contemporary,political and corporate.

Alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even Mr.Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders? to lie -and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions.A recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.

51.From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr.Machiavelli's idea of hard power is ______.

A.well accepted by Joseph Nye

B.very influential till nowadays

C.based on sound theories

D.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists

52.Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?

A.Coercion is widespread.

B.Morality is devalued.

C.Power is no longer concentrated.

D.Traditional hierarchies are strengthened

53.In his book the Powers to lead,Mr.Nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____.

A.authority

B.context

C.approaches

D.morality

54.Mr.Nye's book is particularly valuable in that it _____.

A.makes little use of management terms

B.summarizes various studies concisely

C.serves as an exit for leadership researchers

D.sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders

55.According to the author,the most interesting part of Mr.Nye's book lies in his _____.

A.view of changeable leadership

B.definition of good leadership

C.summary of leadership history

D.discussion of moral leadership

PASSAGE4

Questions 56to 60are based on the following passage:

Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag—when the job is done, they earned it.

Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.

The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like-one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound?

Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. "I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp. "But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before."

56. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Human wars.

B. Economic crisis.

C. America's environmental policies.

D. Global environment in general.

57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is__________.

A. of utmost importance

B. a fight no one can win

C. beyond people's imagination

D. a less significant issue

58. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_______.

A. friction

B. contradiction

C. conflict

D. problem

59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?

A. Critical

B. Indifferent

C. Supportive

D. Compromising

60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with___________.

A. the new book written by Fred Krupp

B. how America can fight against global warming

C. the harmful effects of global warming

D. how America can tide over economic crisis

Part V Writing (20%)

Direction: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on Answer Sheet 2.

At present, there is no doubt that short message plays an increasingly important role in our lives . We are all aware

that, like everything else, short message have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.

Generally speaking, the advantages can be listed as follows. First of all, in festivals, we can send short messages to wish good luck to other people we know. It brings us a lot of convenience. In addition, short message connects its users with the outside world. For example, some people subscribe weather forecast or news short messages, with them, people?s life will be greatly enriched.

But it is pity that every coin has two sides. The disadvantages of short message can?t be ignored. We spend too much time on spelling our words and sending short messages that we can?t focus on our studies. Also, you will always be annoyed by strangers? short messages one after another.

As is known to all, short message is neither good nor bad itself. In my opinion, we can use it. But we shouldn?t spend too much time on it and don?t let it disturb us from our lives.

2009年真题答案

SECTION 2 21-30 CDDBC BDABA 31-40 BADDA BACAC

SECTION 3 41-50 BBAAC CCBCC 51-60 DCABD CAAAC

SECTION 4

由于国家金融体制处于危机边缘动荡,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人员的补偿金计划就受到密切关注.

银行家们过度冒险是金融危机的至关重要原因,在历史上也有类似情况.在这种情况下,一般是由低息引起并造成持续的错觉,其实是一种债务泡沫经济.

抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无力偿还的人,就把贷款瓜分了,并沿这样的链条出售给下一个金融机构,这些做法都在利用高科技证券业,结果,却增加了抵押资产的风险.

金融条例必须能应付这种能使银行下滑的,最不负责任的做法,以期扭转下一个危机,而这下一个危机很可能包括有各种类型的技术和资产.但值得审视补偿金计划的根本问题,因为那是眼前利益,但却让银行家们不负责任的甘冒风险.

46.Directions:

In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER

SHEET2.(15points)

“Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that

sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.

Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He?d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.

It didin?t go well. “It was a really had move because that?s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ?Just wait, you?ll trun the corner, give it some time.?”

翻译参考

“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。

Ning回忆起20世纪90年代末期卖保险的那段迷茫时光，他通过蓬勃兴起的网络疯狂地找工作，并且与Boulder代理机构签了约。

事情进展并不顺利，TedNing说到：“那真是个糟糕的选择，因为我对此没有激情，”可以预料，他把工作中的矛盾能解释为没有业务。Ning说：“我很痛苦渴望午夜起来盯着天花板，我没钱，我需要工作，每个人都说?等吧，只要有耐心会好转的。?”

47. Directions:

You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter

to your American colleague to

1) Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;

2) Welcome him/her to visit China in due course.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.

Do not write your address. (10 points)

Dear xxx,

I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to you for your kindness to receive me when I participated in an exchange program in USA.

Your generous help made it possible that I had a very pleasant stay and a chance to know American cultures better. Besides, I think it is an honor for me to make friends with you and I will cherish the goodwill you showed to me wherever I go. I do hope that you will visit China one day, so that I could have the opportunity to repay your kindness and refresh our friendship.

I feel obliged to thank you again.

Sincerely yours,

Zhang Wei

48. Directions:

In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should

1) Interpret the chart and

2) Give your comments.

You should write at least 150 words.

Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

In this chart, we can see the mobile phone subscriptions in developed countries have a steady and slight increase from 1990 to 2007 and then remain constant in 2008. Meanwhile the mobile phone subscriptions in developing countries have witnessed a slow increase from 1990 to 2004 and then a great surge from 2004 to 20007: the biggest surge happens from 2005 to 2006.

This chart reflects different developing modes of mobile phone industry in developed and developing countries. The developed countries have a limited number of populations, most of whom are well-educated. Therefore, the spreading of the mobile phone service is efficient and soon the market is saturated. Also at the beginning the developed countries have more people who can afford this service. The developing countries have a large

population who keeps a large demand for mobile service. As the mobile phone service becomes cheaper and cheaper, the increasing customers subscribe to benefit from this service.

As discussed above, it is not surprising to see this change. In my opinion, this trend that the number of

mobile-phone subscriptions is increasingly increasing will continue for a while in the future.

2010 考研英语二真题及答案

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)

The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.

The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that

convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chile

and elsewhere.

But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ of any medical treatment.

The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to _____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.

In the United States, new cases seemed to fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.

Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and

began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those

_____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care

workers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.

1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated

2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted

3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums

4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme

5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by

6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor

7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice

8. [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to

9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up

10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until

11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent

12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples

13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected

14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained

15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving

16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable

17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial

18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced

19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings

20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding off

Section Ⅱ Reading comprehension

Part A Text1

The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of

56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever” ，at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a

single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest

banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.

The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.

In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of

thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.

The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying

Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”

What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.

The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.

21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory” because ____.

A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victories

B. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids

C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces

D. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis

22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3)，the author suggests that_____.

A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions

B .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries

C. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent

D .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.

B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.

C. The market generally went downward in various ways.

D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.

24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____

A. auction houses ' favorites

B. contemporary trends

C. factors promoting artwork circulation

D. styles representing impressionists

25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___

A. Fluctuation of Art Prices

B. Up-to-date Art Auctions

C. Art Market in Decline

D. Shifted Interest in Arts

Text2

I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."

This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.

The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of cases in

the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.

In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his

or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.

In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.

26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?

A. Talking to them.

B. Trusting them.

C. Supporting their careers.

D. Sharing housework.

27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .

A. generating motivation.

B. exerting influence

C. causing damage

D. creating pressure

28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______

A. men tend to talk more in public than women

B. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation

C. women attach much importance to communication between couples

D. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse

29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?

A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.

B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.

C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.

D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.

30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on ______

A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk

B. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon

C. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.

D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker

Text 3

Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.

“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’ t figure out how to change people’ s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”

The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and

Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.

If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins— are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.

A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage

companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now

featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.

“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol

Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”

Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.

31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________.

[A] should be further cultivated

[B] should be changed gradually

[C] are deeply rooted in history

[D] are basically private concerns

32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____

[A] reveal their impact on people’s habits

[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities

[C] indicate their effect on people’s buying power

[D] manifest the significant role of good habits

33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?

[A]Tide

[B] Crest

[C] Colgate

[D] Unilever

34. From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____

[A]perfected art of products

[B]automatic behavior creation

[C]commercial promotions

[D]scientific experiments

35. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____

[A] indifferent

[B] negative

[C] positive

[D] biased

Text4

Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and

not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.

But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.

The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.

In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act,

ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional

and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.

36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______

[A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries

[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers

[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service

[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public

37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____

[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws

[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races

[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures

[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices

38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____

[A]they were automatically banned by state laws

[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications

[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties

[D]they tended to evade public engagement

39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___

[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished

[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors

[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community

[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system

40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_______

[A]its nature and problems

[B]its characteristics and tradition

[C]its problems and their solutions

[D]its tradition and development

Part B 根据下文判断正误。

原文：

BOTH Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to

buy new aircraft.

The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, and a seminal paper by a German

researcher called Carl Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape, echelon or otherwise—expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern

When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to rendezvous over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally swap places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (with a concomitant reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by

around a quarter.

There are, of course, kinks to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in convoy? Dr Kroo points out that

the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the unnervingly cosy

groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil

Aviation. Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.

It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and

the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It

might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.

As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country’ s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the second world war, but Dr Lissaman says they are apocryphal. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a

Lancaster lost over Berlin,” he adds. So he should know.

41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.

42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.

43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.

44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.

45. It has been documented that during World War II, America’s armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.

46.Directions:

In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on

ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)

“Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice。Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency。It didin’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much

anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”

47. Directions:

You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to

1) Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;

2) Welcome him/her to visit China in due course。

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead。

Do not write your address. (10 points)

48. Directions:

In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should

1) Interpret the chart and

2) Give your comments。

You should write at least 150 words。

Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

范文：

In this chart, we can see the mobile phone subscriptions in developed countries have a steady and slight increase from 1990 to 2007 and then remain constant in 2008. Meanwhile the mobile phone subscriptions in developing countries have witnessed a slow increase from 1990 to 2004 and then a great surge from 2004 to 20007: the biggest surge happens from 2005 to 2006. This chart reflects different developing modes of mobile phone industry in developed and developing countries. The developed countries have a limited number of populations, most of whom are well-educated. Therefore, the spreading of the mobile phone service is efficient and soon the market is saturated. Also at the beginning the developed countries have more people who

can afford this service. The developing countries have a large population who keeps a large demand for mobile service. As the mobile phone service becomes cheaper and cheaper, the increasing customers subscribe to benefit from this service。

As discussed above, it is not surprising to see this change. In my opinion, this trend that the

number of mobile-phone subscriptions is increasingly increasing will continue for a while in the

future

2010 年考研英语二真题答案：

1 [D] designated 2 [C] followed

3 [B] numbers 4 [A] moderate5 [A] with 6 [B] absence

7 [D] notice8. [C] among9 [B] crop up 10 [A] as 11 [C] significant 12 [D] samples

13 [D] infected14 [A] released 15 [C] taking16 [B] available

17 [D] initial

18 [C] recommended19 [A] problems20 [B] caring for

21 D 22 A 23 B 24 C 25 C

26 A 27 C 28 B 29 C 30 C

31 A 32 A 33 D 34 C 35 B

36 D 37 C 38 C 39 B 40 A

FTTTF

新题型译文：

波音和空客都在吹嘘自己最新飞机 787 和 A350 的性能，巧妙的设计与轻质的材料当然

使它们与众不同。但在斯坦福大学，由伊兰▪克鲁领导的一个研究小组提出，飞机的

飞行路线可以改用更具仿生效应的路径来节省燃油，而且并不需要购买新的飞机。

克鲁教授称这个设想是受到鸟类的启发。1914 年，一位名叫卡尔▪维塞尔斯伯格

的德国研究员发表了一篇具有重大意义的论文， 科学家们从中得知， 鸟类在飞行的时候排成

V 字、梯形或倒过来时，会节省体力。气流在划过鸟类双翼时会在其后面弯曲向上，这是一

种叫上升流的现象。在上升流中飞行的鸟阻力减小，可以用更小的力气飞。彼得▪利

萨曼以前是加州理工学院和南加州大学的航空专家，他认为由 25 只鸟组成的队伍会将飞行

距离提升 71%。

当把鸟类的特性应用到飞机上的时候， 原理也相差无几。 克鲁教授和他的团队模拟了三

架分别从洛杉矶、旧金山和拉斯维加斯起飞的客机在犹他州集合，采用反 V 字形状并偶尔

换一下位置以便所有飞机轮流利用最有利位置， 最后飞到伦敦。 他们发现飞机节省多达 15%

的燃油，相应的二氧化碳排放也少了很多，途中排放的氮氧化物减少约四分之一。

当然，一定要有完善的操作指南。要考虑安全问题，至少在感觉上来说是安全的。乘客

们在换位时会不会不舒服呢?克鲁教授指出飞机间会相隔几海里， 不会像红箭表演队(英国皇

家空军特技表演队)那样间距小到令人窒息。乘客往窗外看也许都看不到另外的飞机。有关

飞机间距是否符合空中管制条例暂且不谈， 但国际民航组织的一个工作组已经考虑在新的操

作方针中列入编队飞行的可能性。

现在仍需考虑天气情况对气流的影响， 这会关系到编队飞行的效率。 在有大量乱流的地

区，飞机尾部的气流会消失更快，上升流效应就会消失。克鲁教授称，在这方面他们团队将

要进行更多的研究。每架客机的起飞时间与目的地都不相同，要协调它们编队飞行很难。相

反，货机和日常空军飞行更容易协调时间。

恰逢此时，美军已经着手这项研究。今年早些时候，美国国防部高级研究计划局宣布出

资让波音公司研究编队飞行的计划， 但项目到现在还没启动。 有报道称二战时就有一些军机

在燃油不足的情况下编队飞行，但利萨曼教授称那些都是杜撰的，他说： “我父亲是皇家空

军飞行员，我的堂兄是一架在柏林坠毁的兰喀斯特式飞机的机长” ，所以他应该知道。

翻译参考

“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对 TedNing 而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，

经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活， 使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观， 必须贯彻到每

天的行动和选择中。

Ning 回忆起 20 世纪 90 年代末期卖保险的那段迷茫时光，他通过蓬勃兴起的网络疯狂

地找工作，并且与 Boulder 代理机构签了约。

事情进展并不顺利，TedNing 说到： “那真是个糟糕的选择，因为我对此没有激情， ”可以预 料，他把工作中的矛盾能解释为没有业务。Ning 说： “我很痛苦渴望午夜起来盯着天花板，

我没钱，我需要工作，每个人都说‘等吧，只要有耐心会好转的。 ’ ”

Dear xxx,

I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to you for your kindness to receive me when I participated in an exchange program in USA.

Your generous help made it possible that I had a very pleasant stay and a chance to know American cultures better. Besides, I think it is an honor for me to make friends with you and I w ill

cherish the goodwill you showed to me wherever I go. I do hope that you will visit China one day,

so that I could have the opportunity to repay your kindness and refresh our friendship。 I feel obliged to thank you again。

Sincerely yours,

Zhang Wei

2011 年研究生入学考试英语二真题

Section I Use of English

Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of

speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that

has 1 across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems

increasingly 3 ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal

government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital

credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of

online services.

The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User

could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that

would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single

sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many

different services.

12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe

“neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and

organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”. Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud

the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts,

who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still

leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden

2． A.for B.within C.while D.though

3． A.careless B.lawless C.pointless D.helpless

4． A.reason B.reminder C.compromise D.proposal

5． A.information B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent

6． A.by B.into C.from D.over

7． A.linked B.directed C.chained D.compared

8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve

9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize

10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered

11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in

12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast

13． A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving D.competing

14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience

15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across

16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united

17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually

18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm

19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible

20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing

A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January

2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the

decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s

compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass

unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they

presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s

proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than

10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then

they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on

those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to

restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal

class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such

directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to

create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms.

Simmons, once again very popular on campus. 21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .

[A]gaining excessive profits

[B]failing to fulfill her duty

[C]refusing to make compromises

[D]leaving the board in tough times

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .

[A]generous investors

[B]unbiased executives

[C]share price forecasters

[D]independent advisers

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .

[A]become more stable

[B]report increased earnings

[C]do less well in the stock market

[D]perform worse in lawsuits 24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .

[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm

[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm

[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm

[D]will decline incentives from the firm

25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .

[A]permissive

[B]positive

[C]scornful

[D]critical

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near.

The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks

about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should

the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers

have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to

profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists

overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom

jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some

papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be

pushed further.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of

revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly

unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in

2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development

(OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of

the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters.

Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

26. By saying “Newspapers like ? their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the

author indicates that newspaper .

[A]neglected the sign of crisis

[B]failed to get state subsidies

[C]were not charitable corporations

[D]were in a desperate situation

27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .

[A]readers threatened to pay less

[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs

[C]journalists reported little about these areas

[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products

28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much

more stable because they .

[A]have more sources of revenue

[B]have more balanced newsrooms

[C]are less dependent on advertising

[D]are less affected by readership

29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper

business?

[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.

[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.

[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.

[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.

30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .

[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival

[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind

[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business

[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of

prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned

to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.

The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a

school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II

and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to

exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we

take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s

sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive,

for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’

details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd

Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by

California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another

homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and

inevitable was widely shared.

31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .

[A]prosperity and growth

[B]efficiency and practicality

[C]restraint and confidence

[D]pride and faithfulness

32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.

[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.

[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.

33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .

[A]was related to large space

[B]was identified with emptiness

[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration

[D]was not associated with efficiency

34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore

Drive?

[A]They ignored details and proportions.

[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.

[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.

[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.

35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?

[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.

[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration

[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.

[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.

Text 4

Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not

long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic

core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the

discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the

quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany,

agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and

competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not

obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU

mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and

economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour

French interference.

A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European

economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common

Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France

government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and

social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs. It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and

labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the

sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.

36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .

[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets

[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned

[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro

[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation

37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant

powers .

[A] are competing for the leading position

[B] are busy handling their own crises

[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization

[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration

38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .

[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased

[B] stricter regulations be imposed

[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination

[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed

39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.

［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds

［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries

［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries

［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds

40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.

［A］pessimistic

［B］desperate

［C］conceited

［D］hopeful

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from

the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on

ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

46．Direction：

In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)

Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same

volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?

Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search

can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are

needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers.

While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.

However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely

and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.

参考答案

从全球范围来看，有谁会想到 IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的 2%。 许多日常工作对环境造成了令人震惊的破坏。 根据每次你搜索并得到正确答案的尝试次数， 谷歌会排放 0.2 至 7 克的二氧化碳。 为了迅速将结果传递给用户，谷歌在全球设置了大量充斥着能量巨大的电脑的数据中心。 这些电脑在排放大量二氧化碳的同时， 也产生大量的能量。 因此， 这些数据中心需要良好的空调降温，这又会同时产生大量的能量。 然而，谷歌和其他技术提供商严密检测他们的效果并不断进行改进。监控是减排的第一步，但这仍任重道远，且不仅只由大公司来承担。 小作文参考答案(一)

Dear Li Ming,

We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the college

entrance examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University. Allow

us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion.

You have all along been working hard at your professional studies, and you are

excellent in most subjects. Your success shows that only hard work can yield good

results，so I suggest that you should make a great progress in university life.

We take this opportunity to express our best wishes to you. Wish you greater

achievements in your college education.

Yours sincerely,

Zhang Wei

小作文参考答案(二)

Dear Ming,

Congratulations! I am glad to hear that you have been admitted by MIT. Your

efforts and commitment have been paid off. You are the honor of our family.

Here come some my own advices of being a pre college student. First and

foremost, you need to improve your communication because you will meet different

people with different personalities in campus. Moreover, reading some reference

books will help you to accumulate more knowledge and terms, which boost your

competitiveness in campus.

Once again congratulate for your achievement!

Yours sincerely,

Zhang Wei

大作文参考答案

As is shown in the bar chart above, dramatic changes have taken place in the

autos market shares within two years (from 2008 to 2009). The most obvious change

was the market share of national brand, which had increased nearly by 10%, while

Japan’s autos market share decreased roughly by 10%. The percentage of the US

autos remained stable between 2008 and 2009.

There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to

explore a few of the most important ones here. Above all, as the development of

technique and knowledge in native companies, a growing number of autos corporation

developed many quality autos. Therefore, the national people changed the attitude to the native brands and acknowledge them. What’ more, an overwhelming majority of

people have been affected by the country patriotism ideology, partly owing to some

actions of Japan triggering the emotion of people. Finally, Toyota brake error

accidents significantly affects Japanese autos’ reputations and images. Safety

concerns drove customers away from Japanese products. Additionally, Fuel price

drove consumers away from those American petrol digging and luxury autos. So it is

not difficult to observe their steady performance.

Based on what has been discussed above, we may reasonably conclude that the

tendency described in graphic will continue for quite a long time. Hopefully,

government could offer more friendly policies to China autos manufacturers to

encourage quality improvement and technology innovation.

Section I Use of English

1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B

11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A 16．A 17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

21.[B] failing to fulfill her duty.

22.[D] independent advisers.

23.[C] do less well in the stock market.

24.[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm.

25.[D] critical.

Text 2

26.[D] were in a desperate situation.

27.[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs.

28.[C] are less dependent on advertising.

29.[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers..

30.[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival

Text3

31.[C] restraint and confidence.

32.[D] It had a great influence upon American architecture.

33.[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration.

34.[D] They shared some characteristics of abstract art.

35.[B] Natural scenes were taken into consideration.

Text 4

36.[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned

37.[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization

38.[B] stricter regulations be imposed.

39.[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds

40.[D] hopeful

Part B

41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G

2012 年研究生入学考试真题及解析

Section 1 Use of Eninglish

Directions :

Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the

symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the

men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the

2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3)

all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best

trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.

His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and

it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who

never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac ?a working class name.The United

States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.

GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He

appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the

(14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many

miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and

exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in

their lives.

1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed

2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal

3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded

4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes

5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence

6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against

7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming

8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down

9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed

10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither

11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished

12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony

13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned

14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human

15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained

16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted

17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired

18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea

19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond

20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that point

Section II Resdiong Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing

A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents,

but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational

ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for

more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.

This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or

chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear

and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do

without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.

District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no

more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see

vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well

on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped.

Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the

policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.

At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about

homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them

count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the

homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct. The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is

responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.

21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.

[A] is receiving more criticism

[B]is no longer an educational ritual

[C]is not required for advanced courses

[D]is gaining more preferences

22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor

students_____.

[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education

[B]have asked for a different educational standard

[C]may have problems finishing their homework

[D]have voiced their complaints about homework

23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.

[A]discourage students from doing homework

[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards

[C]undermine the authority of state tests

[D]restrict teachers' power in education

24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is

whether______. [A] it should be eliminated

[B]it counts much in schooling

[C]it places extra burdens on teachers

[D]it is important for grades

25.A suitable title for this text could be______.

[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy

[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students

[C]Thorny Questions about Homework

[D]A Faulty Approach to Homework

Text2

Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour,

yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that

connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as

evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of

imagination about girls’ lives and interests.

Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA,

but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red,

which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary,

constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s,

when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing

strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years. I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of

what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological

development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts

developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out,

acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised

as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.

Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales,

they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’

clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

not previously exist.

26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.

[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood

[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence

[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination

[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests

27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？

[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.

[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.

[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.

[D]White is prefered by babies.

28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological

development was much influenced by_____.

[A]the marketing of products for children

[B]the observation of children's nature

[C]researches into children's behavior

[D]studies of childhood consumption

29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.

[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes

[B]attach equal importance to different genders

[C]classify consumers into smaller groups

[D]create some common shoppers' terms

30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.

[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency

[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers

[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen

[D]well interpreted by psychological experts

Text 3

In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies

had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes

were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable.

Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO)， a trade group， assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.

On July 29th they were relieved， at least temporarily. A federal appeals court

overturned the prior decision， ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad， a company in Utah，said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients

alike.

But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine， the courts

will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents： a gene is a product of nature， so it may not be patented； gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it； and patents'

monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem

to agree.Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case， arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. ”

Despite the appeals court's decision， big questions remain unanswered. For

example， it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.

AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater

impact.companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA

molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for

‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.

Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the

Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently

held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.

31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----

A.their executives to be active

B.judges to rule out gene patenting

C.genes to be patcntablc

D.the BIO to issue a warning

32.those who are against gene patents believe that----

A.genetic tests are not reliable

B.only man-made products are patentable

C.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaon

D.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests

33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----

A.establishing disease comelations

B.discovering gene interactions

C.drawing pictures of genes

D.identifying human DNA

34．By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----

A.the supreme court was authoritative

B.the BIO was a powerful organization

C.gene patenting was a great concern

D.lawyers were keen to attend conventiongs

35.generally speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----

A.critical

B.supportive

C.scornful

D.objective

Text 4

The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably

beginning. Before it ends,

it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults.

And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.

No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them

in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.

But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The

Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin

Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less

inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and

classes.

Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this

one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and

decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind. In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning

precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social

fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.

36.By saying “to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.

[A]seek subsidies from the govemment

[B]explore reasons for the unermployment

[C]make profits from the troubled economy

[D]look on the bright side of the recession

37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.

[A]realize the national dream

[B]struggle against each other

[C]challenge their lifestyle

[D]reconsider their lifestyle

38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.

[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants

[B]bring out more evils of human nature

[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms

[D]ease conflicts between races and classes

39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from

elite universities tend to _____.

[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities

[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees

[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’

[D]recover more quickly than the others

40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.

[A]certain

[B]positive

[C]trivial

[D]destructive

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER

SHEERT 1.(10 points)

“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian

sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.

Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration. From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant

recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.

Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the

leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and

Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his

difficult life.

This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on

the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte.

These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.

Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense

wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history

should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”

This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric

Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole

new realms of understanding — from gender to race to cultural studies — were

opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.

Section III Translation

46.Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation

on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)

When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are

usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon

Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .

Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing

countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a

high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of

25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .

Section IV Writing

Part A

47.Directions

Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that

you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer

service center to

1)make a complaint and

2)demand a prompt solution

You should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should

1)describe the table ,and

2)give your comments

You should write at least 150 words(15points)

某公司员工工作满意度调查

年龄 满意度 满意 不清楚 不满意

小于等于 40岁 16.7% 50.0% 33．3%

41-50 岁 0.0% 36.0% 64.0%

大于 50 岁 40.0% 50.0% 10.0%

2012 考研英语二海天考研完整参考答案

完形填空：

1.B 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.C

6.B 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.B

11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B

16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.D

TEXT1：

21. A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.D

TEXT2：

26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.C

TEXT3：

31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.D

TEXT4：

36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A

新题型：

41-45：AFGCE

小作文范文：

Dear International Students,

On behalf of the Students' Union, I am writing this E-mail to extend my heartfelt

welcome to you, and we are all feeling delighted to share the wonderful college life with you in the following two years.

In order to help you fit into this brand-new life more quickly, here are some

useful suggestions and tips: First and forest, living in a Chinese-language environment, you'd better take certain courses to improve your communication skills and get a

better understanding of Chinese cultures. In addition, our canteen not only provides the Chinese dishes, but also offers traditional western foods, such as steak,

hamburgers, fish and chips, and so forth. Thus, you can choose any food as you wish. Last but not least, every student is supposed to comply with the college rules, which you may look up on our website.

Enclosed with this E-mail are a campus map and a brief introduction of our

university, which I hope are beneficial for you.

Our warmest welcome to you again and look forward to your arrival.

Yours truly,

Li Ming

大作文范文：

As is apparently revealed in the cartoon above, there is a glass on the ground with

half of the water in it spilling. The pessimist cries over it, deeming that it is all

screwed up, while the optimist cheers for it because there is still a half left. Obviously, they have different perceptions and feelings toward the same incident in life.

The underlying meaning of the drawing is to remind us of the importance of

optimism. With an optimistic attitude toward life, people living in the dark shade tend to face the harsh reality bravely and thus achieve a happy and healthy state of mind,

because they always adhere to the belief that where there is shadow, there is sunshine. In contrast, if people always feel anxious and pessimistic about the setback and

frustration in life, they can by no means enjoy a comfortable and happy life.

There is no denying that, most optimists have a high happiness index, which can

hardly be acquired by pessimists. Therefore, we must read our life with a positive

attitude. What's more, the optimistic attitude can infect others strongly, which

suggests us to follow an optimistic attitude towards friends around us and they, in turn, will behave likewise. Therefore, let's keep the famous line of Shelley, the well-known poet, in mind forever: “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?”

2013 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题

MBA, MPA, MPAcc 专业硕士统一考试

Section I Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)（本题答案在题号后）

Given the advantage of electronic money, you might think that we should move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. _1 However , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2around_ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition.

For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would

soon revolutionize the very 3.concept of money itself,” only to 4.reverse itself several years later.

Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5.slow in coming?

Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments

system based on paper, several factors work 6.against the disappearance of the paper system. First,

it is very 7.expensive to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8.dominant form of payment.

Second, electronic means of payment 14.raise security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter

information 15.stored there.

Because this is not an 16.uncommon occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to

access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17.steal funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts into their own. The 18.prevention of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to 19.cope with security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20.trail

contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits.

1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise

2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around

3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role

4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse

5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady

6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on

7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive

8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant

9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print

10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down

11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when

12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn

13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though

14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease

15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed

16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear

17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return

18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification

19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for

20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,

B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

In an essay, entitled “Making It in America,” in the latest issue of The Atlantic, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”

Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and sagging middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also

because of the quantum advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.

In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t

when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap

foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra — their unique value contribution that makes them stand out

whatever is their field of employment. Average is over.

Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. As they say, if horses could have voted, there never would have been cars. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they

erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs — about 6 million in total — disappeared.”

And you ain’t seen nothin’ yet. Last April, Annie Lowrey of Slate wrote about a start-up called “E la Carte” that is out to shrink the need for waiters and waitresses: The company “has

produced a kind of souped-up iPad that lets you order and pay right at your table. The brainchild of a bunch of M.I.T. engineers, the nifty invention, known as the Presto, might be found at a restaurant near you soon. ... You select what you want to eat and add items to a cart. Depending on

the restaurant’s preferences, the console could show you nutritional information, ingredients lists

and photographs. You can make special requests, like ‘dressing on the side’ or ‘quintuple bacon.’

When you’re done, the order zings over to the kitchen, and the Presto tells you how long it will

take for your items to come out. ... Bored with your companions? Play games on the machine. When you’re through with your meal, you pay on the console, splitting the bill item by item if you

wish and paying however you want. And you can have your receipt e-mailed to you. ... Each

console goes for $100 per month. If a restaurant serves meals eight hours a day, seven days a week,

it works out to 42 cents per hour per table — making the Presto cheaper than even the very cheapest waiter.”

What the iPad won’t do in an above average way a Chinese worker will. Consider this paragraph from Sunday’s terrific article in The Times by Charles Duhigg and Keith Bradsher about why Apple does so much of its manufacturing in China: “Apple had redesigned the iPhone’s screen at

the last minute, forcing an assembly-line overhaul. New screens began arriving at the [Chinese] plant near midnight. A foreman immediately roused 8,000 workers inside the company’s

dormitories, according to the executive. Each employee was given a biscuit and a cup of tea, guided to a workstation and within half an hour started a 12-hour shift fitting glass screens into

beveled frames. Within 96 hours, the plant was producing over 10,000 iPhones a day. ‘The speed and flexibility is breathtaking,’ the executive said. ‘There’s no American plant that can match

that.’ ”

And automation is not just coming to manufacturing, explains Curtis Carlson, the chief

executive of SRI International, a Silicon Valley idea lab that invented the Apple iPhone program known as Siri, the digital personal assistant. “Siri is the beginning of a huge transformation

in how

we interact with banks, insurance companies, retail stores, health care providers, information retrieval services and product services.”

There will always be change — new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will

require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average. Here are the latest unemployment rates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for Americans over 25 years old:

those with less than a high school degree, 13.8 percent; those with a high school degree and no

college, 8.7 percent; those with some college or associate degree, 7.7 percent; and those with bachelor’s degree or higher, 4.1 percent.

In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to buttress employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.

21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______

[A] the impact of technological advances

[B] the alleviation of job pressure

[C] the shrinkage of textile mills

[D] the decline of middle-class incomes

22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______

[A] work on cheap software

[B] ask for a moderate salary

[C] adopt an average lifestyle

[D] contribute something unique

23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______

[A] gains of technology have been erased

[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed

[C] factories are making much less money than before

[D] new jobs and services have been offered

24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____

[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution

[B] to ensure more education for people

[C] ro advance economic globalization

[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century

25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?

[A] New Law Takes Effect

[B] Technology Goes Cheap

[C] Average Is Over

[D] Recession Is Bad

Text 2

Imagine a new immigration policy

A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners.

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, "uccelli di passaggio," birds of passage.

Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens fit

for deportation. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it.

We don't need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds

of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.

Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and particle physicists are among today's birds of passage. They are energetic participants in

a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another. With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.

Imagine life with a radically different immigration policy: The Jamaican woman who came as a visitor and was looking after your aunt until she died could try living in Canada for a while.

You could eventually ask her to come back to care for your mother.

The Indian software developer could take some of his Silicon Valley earnings home to join friends in a little start-up, knowing that he could always work in California again. Or the Mexican laborer who busts his back on a Wisconsin dairy farm for wages that keep milk cheap would come and go as needed because he could decide which dairy to work for, and a bi-national bank program was helping him save money to build a better life for his kids in Mexico.

Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the

immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.

A new system that encourages both sojourners and settlers would not only help ensure that our society receives the human resources it will need in the future, it also could have an added benefit: Changing the rigid framework might help us resolve the status of the estimated 11 million unauthorized migrants who are our shared legacy of policy failures.

Currently, we do not do gray zones well. Hundreds of thousands of people slosh around in indeterminate status because they're caught in bureaucratic limbo or because they have been granted temporary stays that are repeatedly extended. President Barack Obama created a paler

shade of gray this summer by exercising prosecutorial discretion not to deport some young people who were brought to this country illegally as children. But these are exceptions, not rules. The basic mechanism for legal immigration today, apart from the special category of refugee, is the legal permanent resident visa, or green card. Most recipients are people sponsored by close

relatives who live in the United States. As the name implies, this mechanism is designed for immigrants who are settling down. The visa can be revoked if the holder does not show "intent to

remain" by not maintaining a U.S. address, going abroad to work full time or just traveling indefinitely. Legal residents are assumed to be on their way to becoming Americans, physically, culturally and legally. After five years of living here, they become eligible for citizenship and a

chance to gain voting rights and full access to the social safety net.

This is a fine way to deal with people who arrive with deep connections to the country and who resolve to stay. That can and should be most immigrants. But this mechanism has two

problems: The nation is not prepared to offer citizenship to every migrant who is offered a job. And not everyone who comes here wants to stay forever.

It may have once made sense to think of immigrants as sodbusters who were coming to settle empty spaces. But that antique reasoning does not apply when the country is looking at a long, steep race to remain competitive in the world economy, particularly not when innovation and entrepreneurship are supposed to be our comparative advantage. To succeed, we need modern birds of passage.

The challenges differ depending on whether you are looking at the high end of the skills spectrum, the information workers or at low-skilled laborers.

A frequent proposal for highly skilled workers comes with the slogan, "Staple a green card to

the diploma." That is supposed to ensure that a greater share of brainy international students remain in the United States after earning degrees in science and technology. But what if they are

not ready for a long-term commitment? No one would suggest that investment capital or design processes need to reside permanently in one nation. Talent today yearns to be equally mobile. Rather than try to oblige smart young people from abroad to stay here, we should allow them to think of the United States as a place where they can always return, a place where they will spend part, not all, of their lives, one of several places where they can live and work and invest. Temporary-worker programs are a conventional approach to meeting low-skilled labor needs

without illegal immigration. That's what President George W. Bush proposed in 2004, saying the government should "match willing foreign workers with willing American employers." An

immigrant comes to do a particular job for a limited period of time and then goes home. But such programs risk replacing one kind of rigidity with another. The relatively small programs currently in place don't manage the matchmaking very well.

Competing domestic workers need to be protected, as do the migrant workers, and the

process must be nimble enough to meet labor market demand. Nobody really has pulled that off, and there is no reason to believe it can be done on a grand scale. Rather than trying to link specific

migrants to specific jobs, different types of temporary work visas could be pegged to industries,

places or to time periods. You could get an engineering visa, not only a visa to work at Intel. Both short-term visas and permanent residence need to be part of the mix, but they are not the

whole answer. Another valuable tool is the provisional visa, which Australia uses as a kind of intermediary stage in which temporary immigrants spend several years before becoming eligible for permanent residency. The U.S. system practically obliges visitors to spend time here without authorization when they've married a citizen, gotten a job or done something else that qualifies them to stay legally.

We also could borrow from Europe and create long-term permission to reside for certain migrants that is contingent on simply being employed, not on having a specific job. And,

legislation could loosen the definitions of permanent residency so that migrants could gain a lifetime right to live and work in the United States without having to be here (and pay taxes here)

more or less continuously.

The idea that newcomers are either saints or sinners is not written indelibly either in our hearts or in our laws. As the size of the unauthorized population has grown over the past 20 years

or so, the political response has dictated seeing immigration policy through the stark lens of law

enforcement:

Whom do we lock up, kick out, fence off? Prominent politicians of both parties, including both presidential candidates, have engaged in macho one-upmanship when it comes to

immigration. So, President Obama broke records for deportations. Mitt Romney, meanwhile, vows to break records for border security.

Breaking out of the either/or mentality opens up many avenues for managing future

immigration. It could also help break the stalemate over the current population of unauthorized migrants. No election result will produce a Congress that offers a path to citizenship for everybody,

but there is no support for total deportation, either.

If we accept that there are spaces between legal and illegal, then options multiply.

Citizenship could be an eventual outcome for most, not all, people here illegally, but everyone would get some kind of papers, and we can engineer a way for people to work their way from one status to another. The newly arrived and least attached could be granted status for a limited time

and receive help with returning to their home countries. Others might be offered life-long privileges to live and work here, but not citizenship. We'd give the fullest welcome to those with

homes, children or long time jobs.

By insisting that immigrants are either Americans or aliens, we make it harder for some good folks to come and we oblige others to stay for the wrong reasons. Worse, we ensure that there will

always be people living among us who are outside the law, and that is not good for them or us. 26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____

[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.

[B] leave their home countries for good.

[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.

[D]find permanent jobs overseas.

27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____

[A] needs new immigrant categories.

[B] has loosened control over immigrants.

[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.

[D]has been fixeed via political means.

28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___

[A] fiancial incentives.

[B] a global recognition.

[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.

[D]the freedom to stay and leave.

29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __

[A] as faithful partners.

[B] with economic favors.

[C] with regal tolerance.

[D]as mighty rivals.

30 which is the most title?

[A] come and go: big mistake.

[B] living and thriving : great risk.

[C] with or without : great risk.

[D]legal or illegal: big mistake.

Text 3

Beyond the Blink

When the Supreme Court announced its decision on the Affordable Care Act last month, the media went wild. The rush to judgment took seconds. CNN and Fox News initially described the decision incorrectly, saying five justices had struck down the law. Even after corrections, the snap

analysis that followed wasn’t very helpful. The multipart decision is complex, and its ramifications will take months or even years to understand.

The blink response to this case is only the latest example of a troubling increase in the speed of our reactions. E-mail, social media and the 24-hour news cycle are informational amphetamines, a cocktail of pills that we pop at an increasingly fast pace — and that lead us to make mistaken split-second decisions. Economists label the problem “present bias”: we are vulnerable to fast, salient stimulation.

Fortunately, there is an antidote: the conscious pause. Scientists have found that although we are

prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we

can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses. For example, countless studies have shown that physicians’ immediate, unconscious

reactions to racial minorities lead them to undertreat black patients. In one study published in the

Journal of General Internal Medicine in 2007, researchers asked several hundred doctors about a

hypothetical 50-year-old male patient who showed up with chest pain. The researchers gave the doctors a photograph of the man, randomly varying his race. Half saw him as white; half saw him as black.

Sure enough, although the doctors insisted they were not racially biased, they were more likely to prescribe thrombolysis, an anti-blood-clotting procedure, for the white patient, while giving the black patient a less-aggressive prescription. The doctors didn’t appear racist, yet their

unconscious snap reactions led them to treat blacks differently — the very definition of racism. However, about one in four of the doctors guessed that the study was designed to test racial bias. They stopped for a moment and considered how they might react differently depending on

race. The researchers found that this “aware” subgroup did not treat patients differently. Once they

paused to consider whether race was an issue, race was no longer an issue.

Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we

need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness. If we need to understand how nine justices resolved a difficult legal issue, we need even more time.

But snap decisions in reaction to rapid, even subliminal stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Sanford DeVoe and Chen-Bo Zhong, psychologists at the University of

Toronto, found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast

food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.

Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, as a study by the economists Bradley Ruffle

and Ze’ev Shtudiner shows, we can help screeners understand their biases — or hire outside screeners.

John Gottman, the marriage guru made famous in Malcolm Gladwell’s best-selling book “Blink,” explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions

in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will

stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two

seconds.

Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

animals: primates and dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But

historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term.

The beginning of summer is supposed to be the time for us to slow down and take a breath. Go to the beach with a few books. Spend downtime with family. Tune out. But instead of jumping into the swimming pool, we have leapt into a whirlpool of news.

Still, although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend. There are a couple of summer months left, and no time to waste.

Frank Partnoy is a law professor at the University of San Diego and the author of “Wait: The Art and Science of Delay.”

31. The time needed in making decisions may____.

[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation

[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction

[C] depend on the importance of the assessment

[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.

[A] can be associative

[B] are not unconscious

[C] can be dangerous

[D] are not impulsive

33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.

[A] trust our first impression

[B] do as people usually do

[C] think before we act

[D] ask for expert advice

34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.

[A] critical assessment

[B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study

[C] sensible explanation

[D] adequate information

35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.

[A] tolerant

[B] uncertain

[C] optimistic

[D] doubtful

Text4

Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.

The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding

invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.

Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?

“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on

placing women in top business positions.

I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the

obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily

ordered.

After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position— no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.

If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their

children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.

36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.

[A] women take the lead

[B] men have the final say

[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed

[D] senior management is family-friendly

37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.

[A] a reflection of gender balance

[B] a reluctant choice

[C] a response to Reding’s call

[D] a voluntary action

38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______.

[A] get top business positions

[B] see through the glass ceiling

[C] balance work and family

[D] anticipate legal results

39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.

[A] skepticism

[B] objectiveness

[C] indifference

[D] approval

40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.

[A] more social justice

[B] massive media attention

[C] suitable public policies

[D] greater “soft pressure”

Part B

Directions:

You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the

list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)

[A] Live like a peasant

[B] Balance your diet

[C] Shopkeepers are your friends

[D] Remember to treat yourself

[E] Stick to what you need

[F] Planning is evervthing

[G] Waste not, want not

The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food,

but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave

me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in

a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on

blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - "there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for

economical foodies.

41._____________________

Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast,

lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's

also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.

42________________________

This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them,

there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little

greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g

of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the

supermarket chiller.

43____________________________

You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not

good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning

ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a

vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.

44_______________________

Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than

not, Theyil let you have for free.

45______________________

You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few

months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - ￡1.75 a week for three months gives you ￡21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch at

Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's ￡16.95 there - or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from

Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.

Section III Translation

46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (15 points)

I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week, I’ve been able to do this, since I was 4.

I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do

what everybody does – try to put it to one side. I don't think it's harder for me just because my

memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn't make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can

recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical Hair opened on Broadway on the same day – they both just pop into my mind in the same way.

Section IV Writing

47 Writing

Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your classmates an

email to

1) inform them about the details and

2) encourage them to participate 100 words use Li Ming. Don't write your address.(10 points)

Part B (15 points)

48 Write an essay based on the following chart in your writing, you should

(1) interpret the chart, and

(2) give your comments

You should write about 150 words.

Section I Use of English

1． 【答案】A（However）

【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会,实

现完全电子支付。”而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”这两句话语义是转折

的，因此答案 A。 B. moreover 表递进 C. therefore 表结果 D. Otherwise 表对比

2． 【答案】D （around）

【解析】由空格所在句的“but” 得知，句子前后是转折关系。事实上,这样的预测已经二十年

了,但迄今还没有实现。A. off 停止 B. back 返回 C. over 结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答 案选 D. around 出现。

3． 【答案】B （concept）

【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如, 1975 年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底

改变货币本身的____”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念（定义） ，而

A“力量”,C“历史”,D“角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择 role 的话，应该是复数 roles, 因 为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选 B。

4． 【答案】D （reverse）

【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词 revolutionize （变革）意思上应该是同义替换的，要

选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中 A. reward 奖励 B. 抵抗 C. resume 重新

开始，继续，都不合适，只有 D 选项 reverse“颠覆”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久 将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。”

5． 【答案】C （slow）

【解析】根据前面的句意得知，早在 1975 年就预测了无现金社会将到来，而实际上作者讲

到“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，因此也得出这种变革是一个缓慢的过程，故答

案选择 C。 A. silent 沉寂的，B. sudden 突然的，D. steady 稳定不变的。

6． 【答案】B （against）

【解析】上一段末句提出本段的论点，即人们进入无现金时代的速度缓慢的原因。因此本段

应围绕纸币系统不会消失来阐述。而且由句首的 Although 得知，空格所在句与前一句是转

折关系。 尽管电子支付手段可能比纸币支付方式更加高效， 然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系

统“不会”消失的原因， 故答案选 B， work against 妨碍， 对?产生消极影响。 A. work for 为? 而工作 C. work with 与?共事，对?起作用 D. work on 从事?工作，对?起作用，都不合

适。

7． 【答案】B （expensive）

【解析】 本句陈述的原因都是关于上句提到的传统支付方式的优点， 即推广电子支付方式不

利之处。所以根据这个基调，得出选项 productive 不对，最后根据空后的内容推理出消极意

思的选项 expensive，其他选项意思放到空格处不合理，imaginative，意思是“虚构的、富于

想象力的”；sensitive，意思是“敏感的、容易受伤的”。故本题正确答案为 B。

8． 【答案】D（dominant）

【解析】空格所在句译为...使得电子货币成为____支付方式，将四个选项带入，C, D 是比较

恰当的，再结合本文章的主旨，应该选择“占主导地位的，支配地位”这层意思的 D 选项。

A. similar 相似的 B. original 原始的，独创的,都不合适。

9． 【答案】B （provide）

【解析】 纸质支票支付能够____收据,这是和电子支付相比的一大优势，A. collect 收集收

据， C. copy 复印收据， D. print 打印收据都和实际生活不符合。 应该是 B. provide 提供收据。

10． 【答案】A （give up）

【解析】该动词短语的宾语是前文的 something, 指代上文的 advantage，纸质支票支付能够

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

提供收据这一优势， 肯定是消费者不愿放弃的。 和优势相搭配的动词短语不能是 B. take over 接管，也不能是 C. bring back 拿回来，D. pass down 传递、遗传也不符合。A. give up 放弃一 种优势，符合语境，为正确答案。

11. 【答案】A （before）

【解析】 这里考查的是时间连词的应用。 句子意思是“在支票兑换成现金之前要花上好几天”， 符合句意的只有 before，其它三项都不符合。

12. 【答案】D （withdrawn）

【解析】 这里考查动词辨义。 原文句子意思是“资金是从发卡机构的账户里提取的”， withdraw 有“提款、取款”的意思，这里是指纸币从银行账户中“被取出”故为正确答案。

13. 【答案】C （Because）

【解析】 这里考查的是连词的应用。 从原文可以看出空后的两个句子在意思上存在着因果关

系，“因为电子支付是即付的，所以消除了客户的付款”。四个选项中只有 C because 可以表

因果，其他三项均不能表因果。故答案为 C。

14. 【答案】C（ raise）

【解析】 这里考查的是动词辨析以及上下文语义衔接。 [A] hide “隐藏， 隐瞒”， [B] express “表 达，表示”，[C] raise “举起，提高，引发”，[D] ease “减轻，缓和”，四个选项中能和 concerns 构成搭配的只有 raise，故正确答案为[C]。

15． 【答案】C.(stored)

【解析】这句讲了 an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information__________ there. “一些黑客入侵电脑数据库并且更改_____信息”根据空前 信息可知是入侵电脑数据库，所以 information 是被储存在电脑数据库中的信息。

16． 【答案】C.(uncommon)

【解析】此题考查一致性。空格所在句“The fact that this is not an__16_occurrence means that?”中 this 指代上文中 that 从句的内容，即黑客能够获取电脑数据库和更改储存的信息。 因此 not an_16_occurrence 应该能体现这一行为的特征，而上文提到“We often hear media

reports that?”，其中的 often 正是对这一行为的特征解释，即 not an__occurrence 等于 often 的含义，对比选项，只有 C 选项 uncommon 符合，带入后意为“经常发生的事情”。

17． 【答案】A (steal)

【解析】本题缺少谓语动词，通过语法结构可以看出，主语是 dishonest persons，并通过后

面的其他人的帐户，可以推定为答案是负向的，只有 A steal 符合题意，语义上也说得通，

故为正确答案。

18． 【答案】B.(prevention)

【解析】文章最后一段首句谈论电子付费方式的又一个缺陷：会引起安全和隐私问题。接下

来就开始解释这个现象。空格所在句提到“对这种欺诈的_18__绝非易事，而且一个新的电脑

科学领域正在形成来_19__安全问题。”因此，本句在谈论对问题的解决应对。18 空格与 19

空格所填内容语意上应该是一致的。浏览选项，18 空只能选 prevention，即防止这种欺诈行

为发生并非易事，而 C 选项 manipulation 是“操纵”的意思，D 选项 justification 意为“解释， 证明??合理”，均不合理。

19． 【答案】A.(cope with)

【解析】此空格解释同 18 空格，应选有“处理，解决”意思的选项，只有 A 选项 cope with

合适。B 选项 fight against 意为“对抗，抵制”，而宾语是 security issues，因此不符合。

20． 【答案】D.(trail)

【解析】此空所在句提出了使用电子付费方式的又一个担心，即会留下__20_，空格后的定

语从句解释了空格内容，即它包含大量个人数据。浏览选项，只有 trail 符合，意为“痕迹”。

B 碎片从语义上均说不通，C 路径有一定的干扰性，但相比较 D 而言，痕迹更为合适，故为

正确答案

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

21． 【答案】A

【解析】 第一段第二行指出笑话是关于纺织厂自动化程度的， 后一句具体说明了笑话的内容：

工厂平均每天只有两个人，一人一狗。人的工作是喂狗，狗的工作是看机器，暗示了工厂所

有的生产工作都是由机器自动完成的。 因此， 这个笑话是用来说明技术进步的影响， 故选 A。

22． 【答案】D

【解析】 事实细节题，通过题干“根据第 3 段，要想成为一个成功的雇员，一个人得??”,

我们首先可以定位到文章第三段，由第三段的最后一句话“Therefore, everyone needs to find

their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of

employment.”意思是“因此，人人都需要有另外的价值，异于常人的独特价值能够让他们在

各自的雇佣市场上脱颖而出。”，我们可以得出，题干中“to be a successful employee”与第三

段的最后一句话中的“that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment”是同 义替换，“everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution”与 D 选项中的 “contribute something unique”是同义替换，所以 D 选项正确。

A、B 两个选项与第三段的倒数第二句话意思不符，是干扰选项。C 选项与第三段的第一、

二句话意思相反，重点关注的是“But ,today ,average is officially over.”，意思是“现如今，拥 有一般水平不行了。”

23. 【答案】B

【解析】根据题干定位到第四段，第一句 technology has been eating jobs（技术使工作机会减 少） 也反映了该段的主旨。 而根据题干 quotation 一词， 我们读到引号里有“shed workers （解 雇工人）”、“roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared （大约 1/3 的手工生产工作机会消失，总计 6 百万）”，可推断出 B 选项。

24. 【答案】B

【解析】细节题。根据题干 reduce unemployment 减少失业，可以定位到文章中最后一段，

这段出现了与之类似的表达“support employment” 促进就业， 而题干表述“the most important” 与文章“nothing would be more important than”相对应，指出促进就业最重要的是颁布类似于 “G.I.Bill”的法案来保障人们接受高等教育的权利，选项 C 与之吻合，故正确。A 项加速信息 技术产业变革，C 项促进经济全球化，均未提及，故排除。D 项是干扰项，虽提及要颁布更

多法案，但颁布法案的目的实际是为了保障教育，故也排除。

25.【答案】C

【解析】该题是主旨大意题，主要考查考生根据文章内容凝练主旨大意的能力。从整个文章

的脉络来看，第一段以亚当?大卫森一篇论文中关于现代工厂自动化与仅需要一人一狗两个

员工的一则笑话， 揭示了科技进步给人们带来的影响。 第二三段是科技的进步引起工厂自动

化水平提高，普通员工如果没有竞争力和突出优势，就很容易失去工作，因此也对员工提出

了更高的要求（extra-unique value contribution） 。第四段就是员工只有不断地提高自己的教 育水平，才能让自己脱颖而出（to have more and better education to make themselves above average） 。最后一段点明主题，average is officially over。由此可见，全文一直在围绕这一宏 观主线展开，这一主线也统领全文，所以正确答案为 C。

Text 2

26． 【答案】C （stay in a foreign temporarily）

【解析】词义句意题。根据题干，首先定位到首段末句。在这句中，birds of passage 是前面

一句中的 1/4 的意大利移民的昵称， 他们只在美国居住了一段时间， 但最终还是返回意大利。

A 项的内容在首段首句有提及，但是它突出强调的是横跨大西洋的移民， 这也是一世纪前的

情况，而如今 birds of passage 可能来自世界各个角落，并非局限于大西洋两岸。B 项与段意

不符，D 项文中未提及。

27． 【答案】C （should be adopted to meet challenges）

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，直接定位到第二段。解题关键可定位到“?, but we need to

change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond stick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, ?We might then begin to solve our

immigration challenges.”大意是“我们需要改变的是关于分类的思考方式，突破合法和非法的 严格限制。首先承认短暂移民者的存在，然后解决移民问题面临的挑战。”C 项高度总结了

以上几点。A 项与原文意思不符。B、D 项在文中未提及。

28． 【答案】D （the freedom to stay and leave）

【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，可定位到第三段。解题关键在于对“They prefer to come and

go as opportunity calls them .They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.” 大意是“他们跟着机会走，来去自如。他们可以在一个地方立业，在另一个地方成家”。强调

的是工作机会， 而不在乎工作地点。 D 项是这句意思的高度概括。 A 项是对原文的片面理解， 吸引短暂移民者的不仅仅是来自金钱的激励（financial incentives） ，还有工作机会和工作理 念。B 项在文中未提及。C 项中的 regular jobs（一般工作）在文中未提及，也是对文意的曲

解。

29． 【答案】C （with legal tolerance）

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，可定位到第五段。题干问到“根据作者的意思，我们（美

国）应该怎样对待这些短暂移民者？”在本段中，作者写道我们应该“Looking beyond the

culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system”，大意是“我们应该超越移民合法性方 面的文化之争，重现看待中间地段，充分意识到当今的移民管理体系需要各种途径，从而取

得多样化的结果，来解决现今移民体系下用法律手段很难解决的问题”，暗含了 C 项中的

tolerance 也就是对 multiple paths and multiple outcomes 的改写。A、B 和 D 项在文中未提及。

30． 【答案】D （legal or illegal: big mistake）

【解析】主旨大意题。文章第二段第二句中提到“我们把新移民分成两类：合法移民和不合

法移民”，同时作者认为“我们不需要局限于合法与不合法这样严格的定义”，这说明了从合

法和不合法角度对于移民的分类是错误的。另外，文章最后一段最后一句“包括在现行的移

民体系中不容易合法的实现的一些事情”也反映了文章的中心。即，从合法和不合法角度对

于移民的分类是错误的。故选 D（合法或非法：大错误） 。 A 项谈到短暂移民者的移动是个

错误，偏离了文章主旨。B 和 C 项说的是 risk（风险） ，文中并未提及，偏离文章主旨。

Text 3

31． 【答案】 [D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

【解析】细节题。题干问的是“作决定过程中所需的时间可以_____”。文章第一段提到“如果

我们在做出反应之前花点儿时间来思考， 那么将会减少甚至消除我们快速反应所带来的负面

影响”，也就是说我们做决定所花的时间决定了我们判断的准确性。文章第二段第二句话也

隐含本题正确答案线索。第二句以 But 这一转折连词引导，应该重点关注其后表达的信息，

“但是，我们需要更多的时间来评估其他要素。”而本段的第三、四句子，很明显地揭示出本

题正确答案，尤其是第三个句子中的“accurately” 一词。选项 D 中的表达“可预先决定判断

的准确性”，此外，此选项中的“accuracy” 为“accurately ”的同词异形，故此项为正确答案。 选项 A 表达“依形势紧急性而定”错在无中生有，本文并没有出现类似信息；选项 B“证明大

脑反映的复杂性”，也是无中生有；选项 C “取决于评估的重要性”，也与原文不符合，故排

除。

32． 【答案】[A] can be associative

【解析】细节题。题干问的是“我们对于快餐商标的反应速度表明决定是_____样的”,由题干

的“fast-food logo”我们可以定位到第三段。第二段说处理人际关系问题时人们会仓促决定，

第三段开头就说了， 让人做出仓促决定的刺激因素不仅限于人际关系范围内。 紧接着一句说

人们对快餐商标的反应速度比一般阅读速度快。下一句阐述了原因：因为人们无意识地

（unconsciously）将“快餐”与“速度”和“心急”联系在一起，并将这些冲动付诸行动。A 说决 定是有联系性的，正确，因为人们将“快餐”与“速度”，“心急”联系在了一起。B 说决定是无

意识的，与原文意思相反，错。C 说决定是危险的，原文未提及，排除。D 说决定是不冲动

的，与原文意思相悖，故排除。

33． 【答案】[C] think before we act

【解析】细节题。先看题干说“为了逆转仓促决定所带来的影响，我们可以做_____”， 根据

题干定位到第四段。 第四段通过两个例子说明我们应该怎样克服负面影响， 第一个例子表示

“如果我们会对消费产品或者房产选择做出“过度反应”，我们可以在购买之前先思考一会

儿”，由此可说明我们应该在行动之前先思考来消除负面影响，因此选择答案 C。其他选项：

A 项“相信我们的第一印象”；B 项“按照人们通常所做的去做”；D 项“征求专家意见”均不符

合题意。

34． 【答案】[D] adequate information

【解析】细节题。题干问的是“John Gottman 认为可靠的快速反映是基于_____的。”由题干

John Gottman 定位到全文倒数第二段。其中第一句：John Gottman, the marriage expert,the

marriage expert,explains that we quickly”thin slice”information reliably only after we gound such

snap reactions in ”thick sliced”long-term study.婚姻专家约翰.古德曼解释说，我们快速反应的 信息的可靠性是建立在这样的快速反应的行为是以长期的研究为基础而做出的快速反应行

为。 其中 gound 是题干中 base on 的同意置换， long-term study 长期的研究与 D 选项 adequate information 相互呼应。由此可判断出[D] adequate information（足够的信息）是本题正解。

该段第二句话是 When Dr,Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer eveluation,two days ,not two seconds.当古德

曼博士想去评估一对夫妻是否应该继续在一起时， 他会邀请他们到他的岛上进行一个更为长

期的调查，是两天而不是两秒。第二句是对第一句的举例说明，更加验证此选项。

35． 【答案】[C] optimistic

【解析】态度题。根据 35 题题干 reversing the high-speed trend 是全文的最后一句，所以解 此题可先定位到全文的最后一段。最后一段最后两句：Although technology might change the

way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.译为：尽管技术可能改变我们反应的方式，但是它 并没有改变我们的本性。 我们仍然有能力去克服诱惑并扭转这种高速度的趋势。 由此我们可

以看出作者的态度是非常确定的， 因此 B 选项 uncertain （不确定） 首先排除； We still have the imaginative capacity?表面作者对于我们的能力是有信心的。因此[C] optimistic（乐观的）是 正解。A 选项 tolerant(容忍的) 、D 选项 doubtful(怀疑的)在原文中没有体现，属于无中生有 的选项。

Text 4

【解析】 根据题干 corporate workplace 定位到第一段。 首句就说欧洲性别不平等， in particular 进一步指出 corporate workplace，说明工作中性别尤其不平等。紧接着说欧洲公司高管职位

remain overwhelmingly male，说明以男性为主导。Indeed 进一步解释，指出女性在欧洲公司

董事会只占有14%的席位。 所以， B选项是基于首段信息给出的推论。 A项women take the lead 和 D 项 senior management is family-friendly 都与原文相反；C 选项是对文章 overwhelm 这个 词出的干扰项。

37． 【答案】A a reflection of gender balance

【解析】 根据题干， 定位到第二段首句， intended legislation 是对 is now considering legislation 的同义改写。该句意思为“欧洲国家现在考虑立法来迫使公司董事让妇女的比例达到 60%”，

因此立法是为了保持性别的平衡。B 选项的 reluctant 是对第 5 段的 Reding’s reluctance 出的 干扰项，并不是说 European Union 的立法。C 选项 a response to Reding’s call 不正确，Reding 号召的是 voluntary action， D 也是干扰项，而真正的立法缘由是对 gender balance 的反思， 所以 A 项正确，也是文章中心的反映。

38． 【答案】A get top business positions

【解析】定位至第 4 段，Reding 说自己不喜欢 quotas，后面出现了 but，他真正的观点在 but 之后，他说他喜欢 quotas 所做的事情，即 get action，后面的冒号是对 get action 的解释。核

心的答案在 a result seen in France and other coutries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions。a result 是前面内容的同位语，进一步补充说明，所以选 A。

B 项 see through the glass ceiling 是对原文 break through the glass ceiling 的望文生义，属于肤

浅选项，也和原文意思不符。C 和 D 选项属于无中生有。

39． 【答案】D approval

【解析】本题问的是作者对 Reding 的呼吁的态度。Reding 的 appeal 最早出现在第 2 段，即

呼吁在董事会中有 40%的女性， 以实现性别均衡。 而第四段再一次提到 Reding 的观点即“他

自己也不喜欢 quotas,但是 quotas 本身确实起到了作用”；接着作者在第五段给出了自己的观

点， 先是说可以理解 Reding， 自己本身也不喜欢 quotas， 但是“既然现在 meritocratic ideal （精 英管理的理想）有障碍，确实需要一种强制的手段，即强制设定男女比例。”所以可以看出

作者是持“赞成”的态度。

40． 【答案】C suitable public policies

【解析】 题干中的women entering top management become headlines是对第6段第二句话when

women do break through to the summit of the corporate power 的同义改写，become headlines 是 对后面 for example 所举的 Sheryl Sandberg 的事例的概括。答案出现在第 7 段开头。第 7 段

是提出一种解决措施，“If appropriate pubic choices were in place to help all women, ...Sandberg would be no more newsworthy...”，这个句子是 if 虚拟条件句，是对未来的一种美好展望，也 是提出观点的一种方式，意思是“如果有合理的公共政策来帮助所有的女性，Sandberg 也就

没有报道价值了”。所以正确答案是 C，因为缺少“suitable public policies”。

Part B

41． 【答案】F Planning is everything

【解析】段落首句谈到“Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your work’s menu in advance...”，其表达的含义是：冲动消费不是一个好的选择，所以提前计划你一周的菜单，

为你所需材料的具体数量做一个购物清单。首句中出现了因果逻辑关联词 so，而下文又没

有出现明显转折， 因此首句是本段的中心句。 文章进而提及作者为此专门做一个 Excel 表格， 并且认为这样做不仅花钱少并且有助于均衡饮食。显然文章的中心在于首句谈到的“plan”，

而中心不是选项 B 表达的“balance your diet”，故答案为 F。

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

【解析】段落第二句话中的代词“them”指代第一句中的“supermarkets and their anonymity”。 该句通过这一指代顺接第一句，表达了一个否定的含义，即你不需要在小贩那里感到尴尬。

紧接着第三句用肯定的语气指出“if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need... 350g of shin of beef... ”即如果你合理的规划，你就会清楚知道你想要什么，比如你只需要 350 克牛 肉。作者通过语义上层层递进的方式指出了这一段的中心：你需要什么就买什么，要对你所

需要购买的东西的分量要坚持。因此选项 E 为正确选项。

43． 【答案】G Waste not, want not

【解析】本段内容首先谈到“你可能骄傲的说冰箱里只有冷冻的青豆，但是这还不够”。这句

话中虽然没有明显的转折词，但在语义上属于隐性转折，因此段落的重点应该在后面。第二

句提到“Mine is filled with...”，其中 Mine 等于 my freezer，通过指代顺接上一句话。接着第 三句前半句指出“提前做好计划可以避免浪费”，后半句具体陈述了怎样避免浪费。其中

“eliminate wastage”与选项 G 中的“waste not”构成同义替换。虽然该句中出现了 planning, 但 是本段的主要内容是谈到对于剩余的食物要尽可能充分利用，从而避免浪费。所以选项 G

谈到“不浪费，不愁缺”为正确选项。

44． 【答案】C Shopkeepers are your friends

【解析】该段首句的句内出现转折，重点在转折之后。第一句 but 转折之后提到“it really is a top tip”，即这真的是一个好的提议。那么首先要还原 it 所指代的内容。句前没有提供信息，

句后第二句提到“shop at butchers,...regularly, ..and be super friendly”。其中“be friendly”通过词

性转换和选项 C 中的“are your friends”够成同义替换。同时，根据就近指代原则，这也是 it 所指代的内容。最后一句通过具体的信息描述了购物时表现出友好的态度所带来的好处：

they will let you have for free（通常他们都会免费给你） ，因此选项 C 为正确选项。

45． 【答案】D Remember to treat yourself

【解析】该段首句句内出现转折，重点在转折之后。第一句 but 后提到“save your pennis and

once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch”，其表达的含义是要节省钱，但可以每几个 月款待自己一次。 而该句也是本段落的中心句。 段落余下的信息都是在用数据来解释这个道

理。选项 D 中出现了“treat yourself”，属于原词复现。因此选项 D 为正确选项。

Section III Translation

46. 翻译

参考译文

从过去的 53 年间任选一天，我能立刻回想起当时我身在何方，当天新闻中发生何事，甚至

那天是周几。自从四岁，我就具备这种能力。

我从不会因大脑吸信息量过大而感到难以承受。 我的大脑似乎可以处理它们， 并将其有序地

存储于脑中。每当忆及忧伤往事，和其他人一样，我会尽量将其搁置一旁。我不认为因为我

的记忆更为清晰， 自己就比其他人更难做到此事。 好记性并没有让我的情感体验更鲜活生动。

祖父去世那天的情景和之前那天我去医院看望他时的伤心欲绝都历历在目。 我也还记得当天

在音乐剧《毛发》百老汇开场演出。这两件事都以同样的方式跃入我的脑海。

【解析】

1. I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in

the news and even the day of the week.

【词汇】instantly:立即、马上;

【分析】句子主干为 I can pick a date?and know?；宾语部分为 where?,what?and even?。 句子中并列结构突出。

【译文】从过去的 53 年间任选一天，我能立刻回想起当时我身在何方，当天新闻中发生何

事，甚至那天是周几。

2. I’ve been able to do this, since I was four.

【分析】句子主干为 I’ve been able to do this, since 引导时间状语从句

【译文】自从四岁，我就具备这种能力。

3. I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs.

【词汇】overwhelmed:压垮，压倒，淹没; absorb:吸收

【分析】 句子主干为 I never feel overwhelmed with?,省略关系词的定语从句 my brain absorbs 作后置定语修饰 information

【译文】我从不会因大脑吸信息量过大而感到难以承受。

3. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly.

【词汇】cope:处理; store:存储; neatly:整齐的，整洁的

【分析】句子主干为 My mind seems to be?and the information is?

【译文】我的大脑似乎可以处理它们，并将其有序地存储于脑中。

4. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does---try to put it to one side.

【词汇】think of:考虑，想起;

【分析】句子主干为 I do what?what 引导宾语从句，破折号后 try to put it to one side 对其进 行解释说明；when 引导时间状语从句。

【译文】每当忆及忧伤往事，和其他人一样，我会尽量将其搁置一旁。

5. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer.

【词汇】clear:清晰的

【分析】句子主干为 I don’t think its harder for me, because 引导原因状语从句。It 指代上句话 内容。

【译文】我不认为因为我的记忆更为清晰，自己就比其他人更难做到此事。

6. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid.

【词汇】powerful:强大的，权力大的; emotion:情感，情绪; acute:敏锐的，敏感的; vivid:生动 的，形象的

【分析】句子主干为 Powerful memory doesn’t make?

【译文】好记性并没有让我的情感体验更鲜活生动

7. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital

the day before.

【词汇】recall:回忆起，回想起

【分析】句子主干为 I can recall the day?and the sadness?省略引导词的定语从句 my

grandfather died 作后置定语修饰 the day；同样省略引导词的定语从句 I felt 修饰 sadness（定 语从句关系词做宾语时可以省略） ；when 引导时间状语从句对 the sadness I felt 进行修饰。

【译文】祖父去世那天的情景和之前那天我去医院看望他时的伤心欲绝都历历在目

8. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day---they both just pop into my mind in the same way.

【词汇】musical play:音乐剧; Hair:《毛发》 （1968 年上演，是对美国百老汇音乐剧的颠覆， 获得托尼奖）; Broadway:百老汇; pop:突然出现

【分析】句子主干 I also remember that?,that 引导的宾语从句主干为 the musical play Hair opened?;破折号后 they 指代前两句话的内容，表示同一天发生的两件截然不同的事件，突

出前面提到的好记性并未使我的情感体验更鲜活生动。

【译文】我也还记得当天在音乐剧《毛发》百老汇开场演出。这两件事都以同样的方式跃入

我的脑海。

Section IV Writing

47. 应用文范文

Dear my beloved classmates,

On the evening of January 4th, 2013, we will hold a charity sale for children who need help at the school auditorium. The kids come from remote areas where they can not be educated properly. Our assistance may change their destinies. Many pop stars, such as Jay and Jackie Chan, will attend the activity. The school master and most of the teachers of our school will also join us. I trust you will be disengaged and able to give the poor children a hand. Thank you very much for your kindness.

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

48. 大作文写作

Emerging from the bar-chart above is a popular phenomenon that the proportion of the students having par-time jobs has changed during the four years’ study. The proportion increases slightly from the first year to the third year, however, the fourth year has witnessed a fast increase, surging

to 88.24%.

As they are about to enter into the society, more people think that concurrent post after school benefits greater than disadvantage, cast aside making money to no comment. The bar-chart above serves to remind us that qualifications are something essential if you want to find a good job after

you leave school, but on the other hand, college students can get some working experience which is as valuable as their academic achievement.

Anyway, in my point of view, it is difficult to judge whether taking part time jobs is good or bad.

It depends on how you deal with the relationship between working and learning. If you can balance it well, you are sure to get enough knowledge as well as experience, so as to get ready for

your future success.

2014年研究生入学考试英语（二）真题与答案解析

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.

Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.

While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.

Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.

Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.

1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured

、【答案】B concluded

【解析】 题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。根据句义，后面的部分实际上是研究的结论，因此concluded 符合题意，其他选项denied(否认)与意义相反，doubled(翻倍)与题意较远，ensured(确保)不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事 实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论。所以正确答案为B。

2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome

、【答案】A protective

【解析】 题干中，对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有_____。根据前文研究的结论，超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，说明超重具有一定的保护作用。Dangerous 和文章意思相反，sufficient表示充足，troublesome表示有麻烦，不符合题意，所以正确答案为A。

3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore

、【答案】C likewise

【解析】第三句话中，较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。_____，在老年人中，一定程度上超重??。需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词 语。A选项instead表示逆接的句意关系，B选项however也表示逆接，D选项therefore表示因此，只有C选项likewise意为同样 地;也，而且。因此正确答案为C。

4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example

、【答案】A indicator

【解析】本句话中，_____，一定程度上超重，经常是健康的_____。A选项，表示指示器，指标。B选项objective表示客观;C选 项origin表示来源，D选项example表示例子。根据前面的文章内容，已经明确指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指标。因此正确答案为A。

5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern

、【答案】D concern

【解析】本句话的句意是，需要更加_____是，很难对肥胖加以定义。A、impact(印象);B、relevance(相关性);C、 assistance(辅助);D、concern(关注)。前文已经说到肥胖事实上有利健康，但是又面临一个问题，到底如何去定义肥胖，因此需要更加关 注的是对肥的定义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确答案为D。

6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of

、【答案】A in terms of

【解析】题干中,肥胖经常______体质指数，或称为BMI来定义。A、in terms of ，根据??，就??而言。B、In case of 表示在某种情况下， C、in favor of 表示赞成，以??来取代，D、in respect of，关于??。因此正确答案为A。在医学研究和临床测试中经常使用BMI作为衡量受试者健康的重要指标，希望考生能够记住这一背景知识，方便日后做题。

7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies

、【答案】C equals

【解析】本题题干中BMI_____体重除以身高的平方，这里是用文字叙述了BMI指数得出的方法，也就是一个数学公式，所以equal符合题 意。A measure(测量)、B determine表示确定;D modify(修订)。句义就是BMI等于体重除以身高的平方。

8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part

、【答案】C in turn

【解析】本题题干中，肥胖_____能够分成中度肥胖、重度肥胖和极度肥胖。A、in essence(事实上、实际上); B、in contrast (相反地);C、in turn(依次); D、in part (部分地)。本句是将肥胖依次分级，所以正确答案为C。

9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward

、【答案】D straightforward

【解析】题干中，相比之下，这样的数字标准看起来_____，实际上不是的。A、complicated (复杂);B、

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

conservative(保守)、C、variable(可变的);D、straightforward(直截了当);这里的数字标准指 的就是肥胖指数，肥胖指数分为三类，而且算法比较简单，所以A复杂不正确，B选项保守，用于描述一种数学公式，不恰当，一名患者或一名受试者的BMI一般 是确定的，因此可变的也不符合题意，D选项straightforward表示直截了当，符合题意，因此正确答案为D。

?????? 10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless

【答案】B while

【解析】本句中，一些人有很高的BMI，实际上身材正好，_____其他人有较低的BMI指数，可能_____。从前半句我们可以看出，有些人 的BMI指数很高，应该属于体重肥胖的人，事实上身材正好，这里说明的是反常的现象，后半句是其他人的BMI指数较低，而_____较差。A、so(所 以);B、while(而);C、since(因为);D、unless(除非)四个选项中只有while有转折的含义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确 答案为B。

11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste

、【答案】A shape

【解析】本题可以简化为：Some ? are fit, while others ? may be in poor .不难看出，前后意义相反，且fit(体型健康)与in poor 对应，与之最相关是A shape(外形)，故为正确答案。"精神"、"均衡"、"品味"都相差比较远，可以排除。

12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay

12、【答案】B qualify

【解析】本题顺应前文意义：有一些人体型很好，有些人体型体型肥胖。接下来举例说有些专业足球运动员 是肥胖的，"开始"不符;"处在"也不符合句意;"退休"内容无关;"被认为"符合句意，正确。

13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant

、【答案】C normal

【解析】本句不难理解：有些人脂肪过高，但是BMI却 。所需词汇明显是正向的，排除A、B;D属中性，且不符合句意，C(正常的)契合，为正确答案。

14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency

、【答案】D tendency

【解析】本题解题关键是后半句：to stigmatize obesity(抵毁肥胖)，作为划线部分的后置定语，将四个选项"选择""理由""机会""倾向"代入划线处，最符合句意的是D(倾向)。后面一句也进 一步证实了(出现在媒体中的肥胖者脸都是打了马赛马的)。

15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored

、【答案】b pictured

【解析】空格所在句提到了媒体，根据语境，上句讲到当今我们都污蔑肥胖，所以本句的意思应该是媒体污蔑肥胖，四个选项中，跟媒体相关系的词汇只有b picture 意思为刻画，描写，描述。

16. [A] [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated

、【答案】D associated

【解析】空格所在句的意思是与肥胖_____的原型包括懒惰，缺乏意志力，对成功的期望值不高。空格后面提到的懒惰，缺乏意志力和对成功的期望 值不高都是与肥胖相关的表现，分析四个选项，A. 与。。。相比;B 与。。。相结合;C. 和。。。和解;都不符合题意，只有D与。。。相联系，相关符合句意。

17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only

、【答案】A even

【解析】空格所在句的意思是_____小孩子蔑视超重，而且对身材的嘲笑一直是学校的一个问题。本空格缺少一个副词，根据语境记忆常识，此处应该填入表示让步关系的词汇，分析四个选项，只有A even 即使符合题意。

18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded

、【答案】D grounded

【解析】根据语境，空前讲到对肥胖的负面态度，空后讲到对健康的关注，

激发一批反肥胖的____。本句没有出现任何转折词，说明空前后所表达的意思是一致的，反对肥胖，是基于对健康的关注，分析四个选项，能够表达此意思的词汇，只有选项D grounded,意思是基于。

19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies

、【答案】D policies

【解析】解答此题需要联系空格后面紧跟着的句子。空后的句子出现了一系列表示同一个语义场的词汇，比如 hospital system ; ban; many employers institute, 指向的意思是一个系统中所出台的政策的问题，浏览四个选项，D选项policies 符合题意，直接入选。

20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without

、【答案】B against

【解析】本段的主题是反对肥胖，本句话属于细节的句子，用来支持这个主题，空格所在句讲到米歇尔奥巴马已经发起了一个高知名度的_____儿童 肥胖，甚至告诉奥兹博士，它代表了我们国家最大的安全

威胁。空格中缺少词汇应该含有反对，反抗的意思，纵观四个选项，只有B against 符合题意。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.

These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.

This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for your buck." It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something

the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.

Readers of “HappyMoney” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors? policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.

21. According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?

[A]A big house

[B]A special tour

[C]A stylish car

[D]A rich meal

、【答案】B A special tour

【解析】细节题。答案定位在第二段的"it is far better to spend money on experiences?like interesting trips?"，意思是"花钱消费在经历方面更好??，比如说有趣的旅行??"，由此可以得知答案是B选项"一场特别的旅行"。

22. The author?s attitude toward Americans? watching TV is

[A]critical

[B]supportive

[C]sympathetic

[D]ambiguous

、【答案】A critical

【解析】观点态度题。答案定位在第三段的"something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it"，意思是"普通美国人一年花两个月的时间看电视，并且看电视几乎不可能更愉快"，因此可以得知作者对于看电视的态度是A选项"批判的"。

23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that

[A]consumers are sometimes irrational

[B]popularity usually comes after quality

[C]marketing tricks are after effective

[D]rarity generally increases pleasure

、【答案】D rarity generally increases pleasure

【解析】观点例证题。答案定位在第三段，文章中提到Mc Rib这个例子，用这个例子证明的论点是"luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly"，大意是"有节制地消费奢侈品最令人愉悦"，D选项正是这句论点句的同义替换。

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

24. According to the last paragraph,Happy Money

[A]has left much room for readers?criticism

[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase

[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us

[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement

【答案】B may prove to be a worthwhile purchase

【解析】细节题。答案定位在最后一段的最后一句"most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent"，大意是"大多数人看完这本书后，认为物有所值"，因此可以推知B选项是正确答案。

25. This text mainly discusses how to

[A]balance feeling good and spending money

[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries

[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent

[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuries

【答案】A balance feeling good and spending money

【解析】主旨题。纵观全文可知，全文主要谈论花钱消费和心情愉悦之间的关系，因此答案定位在A选项。

Text 2

An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you?re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.

We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we?re hot stuff.

Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves? from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. “I don?t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It?s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves?. If y

ou are depressed, you won?t be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ?s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don?t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer?s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it?s not that people?s profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.

26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.

[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high

[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect

[C] our need for leadership is unnatural

[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective

、【答案】A our self-ratings are unrealistically high

【解析】题目问 "根据第一段，社会心理学家发现了什么?"对应于文章第一 段第三句"社会心理学家对所谓的‘高于均数效应’或者‘虚幻的优越感’进行大量的研究，发现我们中70%的人认为自己的领导力在平均水平之上??—这些数 据明显都是不可能的。"由此可知，我们对自己评价过高。故答案为[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high。

27. Visual recognition is believed to be people?s______

[A] rapid watching

[B] conscious choice

[C] intuitive response

[D] automatic self-defence

【答案】C intuitive response

【解析】题目问"视觉识别被认为是人们的什么?"对应于文章第三段第三句"视觉识别是自动的心理过程，这个过程依靠直觉快速发生，且并不是故意的。"由此可知，视觉识别被认为是人们的直觉反应。故答案为[C] intuitive response。

28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______

[A] underestimate their insecurities

[B] believe in their attractiveness

[C] cover up their depressions

[D] oversimplify their illusions

【答案】B believe in their attractiveness

【解析】题目问"Epley发现有更高自尊的人倾向于怎样"。对应到第四段，第二句讲到"没有证据显示那些自我提升最多的人这样做是为了掩饰自 己的不安全，接着讲到：事实上，那些认为自己的形象高于吸引力标准的人就是那些表现出更高自尊的人，故答案为[B] believe in their attractiveness。

29.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.

[A]instinctively

[B]occasionally

[C]particularly

[D]aggressively

【答案】[A] instinctively

【解析】题目问"最接近viscerally的意思的是?"。对应到第五段，viscerally所在句讲到"许多人讨厌照片中的自己，从某种 层面上说，他们甚至不承认照片中的人是他们自己。"而下文又讲到facebook是自我拔高者的天堂，在那里人们可以分享最满意的的照片。"由此可 知，viscerally在本句中是"本质上地"意思，故答案为[A] instinctively。

30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer?s paradise because people can _____.

[A]present their dishonest profiles

[B]define their traditional life styles

[C]share their intellectual pursuits

[D]withhold their unflattering sides

【答案】[D]withhold their unflattering sides

【解析】题干问"我们可以推理出脸书(facebook)之所以是一个自我拔高者的天堂，是因为人们可以做什么?"对应于文章最后一段的第二 句，该句讲到"在脸书(facebook)中，人们可以分享最满意的照片。"下文接着讲到"不是人们不诚实，而是人们展示了自己最理想的形象。"故答案为 [D]withhold their unflattering sides。

Text 3

Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, on joy, typicall

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

y make Americans feel uncomforuble and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging form recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.

Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responset, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.

Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to clicit assistance form others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention, So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.

Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress, University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to =cut onion would contain no such substance. Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.

At Tulane University?s Teat Analysis Laboratory Dr.Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication(药物), to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.

At Columbia University Dt.Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.

31. It is known from the first paragraph that ________.

A) shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to American

B) crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedy

C) crying usually wins sympathy from other people

D) one who sheds tears in public will be blamed

32. What does “both those responses to tears”(Line 6, Para, 1) refer to?

A) Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.

B) The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.

C) The tear shedder?s apology and the observer?s effort to stop the crying.

D) Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.

33. “Counterproductive” (Lines 6-7, Para,1) very probably means “________”.

A) having no effect at all

B) leading to tension

C) producing disastrous impact

D) harmful to health

34. What does the author say about crying?

A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.

B) It must have a role to play in man?s survival.

C) It is meant to get attention and assistance.

D) It usually produces the desired effect.

35. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?

A) Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.

B) Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.

C) Emotional tears can give rise to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases.

D) Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.

Text 4

When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.

Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason

is that the issue has always been so politically charged.

Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.

The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need. There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.

Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues. But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ￡4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition?s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.

36. The author believes that the housing sector__

[A] has attracted much attention

[B] involves certain political factors

[C] shoulders too much responsibility

[D] has lost its real value in economy

【答案】[B] involves certain political factors

【解析】 根据本题题干中的关键词housing sector可以对应到文章的第二段， 中间说的很多，我们注意到最后有but出现，最后应该是作者真正想要表达的观点，另外这里用了the most significant 最高级，所以最后这个是最重要的一个原因，politically charged和选项B的political factors有对应关系，故选B involves certain political factors。

A项的吸引注意没有提及，C项的承担太多责任，原文说的shoulder the blame，D项说的丧失价值，原文说的是不善于表明真正价值，两者不一致，故排除。

37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__

[A] increased its home supply

[B] offered spending opportunities

[C] suffered government biases

[D] disappointed the government

【答案】[C] suffered government biases

【解析】经济适用房曾受到政府的偏见。答案定位到文章第三段最后一句话It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need. 政府需要把历史的偏见放在一边并且采取一些策略解决我们迫切的住房需求。Suffered 是过去式，是对于原文history 的同义反复，biases 是对原文prejudices的同义反复。

382009~2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析_2009年考研英语真题

38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______.

[A] allow greater government debt for housing

[B] stop local authorities from building homes

[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt

[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast

【答案】[A] allow greater government debt for housing

【解析】根据人名George Osborne定位得知，此人将会让当地政府用来偿还建房借贷的限额变得更加宽松，并且在借贷限额放宽的情况下，将会另有60,000所房屋在未来的五年 中建立，并由此拉动国内生产总值的百分之零点六。因此A(允许更大的政府的建房借贷)是正确的，而B(禁止当地政府建房)，C(准备减少建房借 贷)，D(发布国内生产总值增长的预报)都与原文意思不符。

39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.

[A]lower the costs of registered providers

[B]lessen the impact of government interference

[C]contribute to funding new developments

[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities

【答案】[C] contribute to funding new developments

【解析】推断题。根据文章题干定位到第五段，题干考察的是对稳定的租赁环境的理解。A项的意思是"减少注册供应者的成本"，其中"成本一词"并 未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是"减少政府接介入的影响"，其中"政府介入"并未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是"有助于为新发展提供 资金支持"，其中"为新发展提供资金支持"对应文中的"fund new developments";C选项中的"contribute

to"(意思是有助于)对英文中的have a significant impact(意思是有重要影响)，符合正解的同义复现原则，所以是正确选项。

40. The author believes that after 2015,the government may______.

[A]implement more policies to support housing

[B]review the need for large-scale public grants

[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme

[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector

【答案】[D] stop generous funding to the housing sector

【解析】推断题。根据题干定位到最后一段第三行。考察的是2015年以后政府的可能性动作。A项的意思是"推行更多的政策来支持住房"与原文意 义相反。B项的意思是重新审视大规模公共拨款的需求，与原文倒数第二段意义相违背。C项的意思是更新可负担的住房拨款项目并没有提到renew一词。D项 的意思是停止对住房部门的大额资助，与原文的倒数第二句相匹配，故为正确选项。

Section III Translation

Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET

2. (15 points)

Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that?s perpetually half fall. But that?s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn?t recommend. “Healthy op

timists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.

Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn?t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn?t matter.

【参考译文】

大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的Tal Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽最大努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有最好的结果。

Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一次演讲都可以获得诺贝尔获，总会有一些演讲比其它演讲效果差。接着是重塑，他分析了这个效果不好的演讲，并且从那些起作用和不起作用的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。最后，需要有这样一种观点，那就是承认，在广阔的生命当中，一次演讲根本算不上什么。

Section IV Writing

Part A

47. Directions: Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him to email to

1)tell him about your living habits, and

2)ask for advice about living there.

Dear John,

I am Li Ming who will go to study in your university and live together with you in one department. Now I am writing this letter to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there.

To begin with, I usually get up early in the morning at six o’clock and then go out to do some exercise. To continue, I would like to spend my spare time in reading in the library. Meanwhile, I wonder if you could be so kind to offer me some proposals on how to get used to the life there. I am looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everything goes well.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

You should write about 100 words on answer sheet.

Do not use your own name.

Part B

48. Directions: Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

You should

1. interpret the chart, and

2. give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)

What is clearly presented in the above chart is the different numbers of urban residents and rural population among 1990,2000 and 2010.The number of urban residents climbed steadily from 300 million in 1990 to 660 million or so in 2010，while rural population decreased slightly from about 820 million to 680 million or so in the same period.

It is not difficult to come up with some possible factors accounting for this trend. On the one hand, with the rapid development of economy and society, people in mounting numbers crowd into cities in search of employment, a decent living and the excitement of urban life recently. On the other hand, the economy in the rural districts is comparative less developed and thus the opportunity to make money and pursue their future is as well lean. As a result, an increasing number of folks are trying to escape this destiny by flocking into the urban areas.

Given the analyses above, I firmly believe that such established trend will surely continue for quite a while in the forthcoming years and due importance should be attached to this evident situation.

爱华网本文地址 » http://www.aihuau.com/a/330651/388683648809.html