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学习提示：
在我们开始学习英语语音音标之前，有一点大家要记住：不要试图用汉语普通话的近似的音去代替英语的音标。例如，有人把英语字母“n’'念成“恩”，用汉语的“e”来代替英语的[e]，把字母f、m、x分别念成“爱弗”、“爱木”、“爱克斯”。这是一种很坏的习惯，它使你永远也学不到纯正的英语发音。记住，英语的音标跟汉语的音标缺乏可比性。例如，英语的单元音有十二个之多，而汉语只有六个。即使是两者相似的音，它们在发音的口型、音的长短上都有差别。
音素分类：
英语的音标共有48个，其中元音音标20个，辅音音标28个。相信大家对它们都不陌生了，在正式开始音标学习之前，让我们再来熟悉一下这48个音标。
元音
1、单元音
前元音：[i] [i:] [e] [?]
中元音：[?:] [?] [?]
后元音：[a:] [?] [?:] [u] [u:]
2、双元音
合口双元音：[ei] [ai] [?i] [?u] [au]
集中双元音：[i?] [ε? ] [u?]
辅音
1、爆破音
[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]
2、摩擦音
[f] [v] [θ] [e] [s] [z] [?] [?] [h] [r]
3、破擦音
[ts] [dz] [tr] [dr] [t?] [d?]
4、鼻音
[m] [n] [?]
5、半元音
[j] [w]
6、舌侧音
[l]
音标记忆法：
不要为音标的分类名称操心，你并不需要记住这些名称；也不要为音标的数目太多而发愁，照下面的两个记忆方法去做，你一定能在十分钟内将所有的英语音标记住。
一、元音分组记忆法：将元音音标分成四个大组和四个单个，帮助记忆。
1、四大组
第一组
第二组
第三组
第四组
[i]
[i:]
[i?]
[ei] [ai]
[?]
[?:]
[?u]
[ε?]
[u]
[u:]
[u?]
[au]
[?]
[?:]
[?i]
记忆窍门：
第一组为“基本型”；第二组为基本型的“延长型”；在基本型后加长音符号；第三组为基本型的“前置型”；第四组为基本型的“后置型”。
2．四单个：一座山[?]，一朵花[?]，一个[e]，一个[a:]
二、辅音成对记忆法：将辅音分成十对和八个单个，帮助记忆。
1．十对
爆破组
摩擦组
破擦组
[p] [b]
[f] [v]
[ts] [dz]
[t] [d]
[θ] [e]
[tr] [dr]
[k] [g]
[s] [z]
[t?] [d?]
[?] [?]
记忆口诀： 十对的辅音清、浊成对，每对的发音部位相同。
2．八单个：[m] [n] [?] [j] [w] [r] [l] [h]
记忆口诀：三鼻音[m] [n] [n], 两半元[w] [j] , 一个[r]，一个[l]，还有一个[h]。
音节
一、定义：一个元音音素（双元音为一个音素）为一个音节。
1、[ai] [n?u] [st?nd] [ti:t?] 均为单音节。
2、['mi:t?] ['reiz?] 均为双音节。
3、['s?u??list] [repri'zent?tiv]均为多音节。
二、音节的划分：
1、每两个元音之间有一个辅音，该辅音归后。如：['mi:t?] ['reiz?]
2、每两个元音之间有两个辅音，则前后各一个。如：['men??nd] ['f?ktri]
3、每两个元音之间有三个及以上的辅音，依次读出其本身的发音即可。如：
['empti]
简记为：一归后，二分手。
试读：[steid] ['a:ft?] ['men??nd] ['f?ktri] ['s?u??list] [repri'zent?tiv]
三、开、闭、r音节：
1、开音节，又分绝对开音节和相对开音节。
绝对开音节：以发音的元音字母结尾的音节。如：no，we．she。
相对开音节：以元音字母+辅音字母(r除外)+不发音的e结尾的音节。如：these，those，page，life，use。
2、闭音节：以一个或几个辅音字母(r除外)结尾，而中间只有一个元音字母的音节。如：bad，desk，sit，long。
3、，元音字母+r，即 ar er ir or ur
4、元音字母在重读开音节、重读闭音节和r读音节中的读音。
元音字母在重读音节中的读音
字母
开音节
例词
闭音节
例词
r音节
例词
A
[ei]
name
[?]
bag
[a:]
car
E
[i:]
these
[e]
pen
[?:]
her
I
[ai]
bike
[i]
his
[?:]
girl
O
[?u]
no, note
[?]
not
[?:]
for
U
[ju:]
student
[?]
bus
[?:]
nurse
由上表可见：元音字母在重读的开音节中就读字母本身的音。（注意：一切规律都不能包罗万象，如，不符合此规律的词有come, love 等等）
句子成分与句子
第一章 句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语句子主要成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、状语、补足语和定语。
1、主语
主语是一个句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事情，表示句子描述的是“谁”“什么”。主语一般位于陈述句句首，但在there be结构中主语位于谓语后面。
能作主语的有名词类（含代词、数词）；非谓语（含不定式、ing 分词）、从句。
1)名词类
Professor Smith is a famous scientist．史密斯教授是著名的科学家。
We often speak English in class．我们经常在课堂上说英语。
One-third of the students in this class are girls．这个班1／3的学生是女生。
2) 非谓语
To master a foreign language is necessary．掌握一门外语是必要的。
Smoking does harm to the health．吸烟有害健康。
3）从句
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet．
我们什么时候进行英语测验还没有决定。
Whether he’ll join us in the discussion is of great importance．
他是否参加我们的讨论是很重要的。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。只有动词在句中才能作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
1)简单谓语
由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every morning．他每天早晨练习跑步。
Yesterday afternoon he reached China．昨天下午他到达桂林。
2)复合谓语
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成
You may keep the book for two weeks．这本书你可以借两周。
You’d better not take the magazine out of the reading-room．
你最好不要把这本杂志拿出阅览室。
He has caught a bad cold．He has to go to see a doctor．
他患了重感冒，必须去看医生。
3、表语
表语用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词(如be，become，get，look，grow，turn，seem等)之后。
能作表语的有名词类（含代词、数词）；形容词；非谓语动词（含分词、不定式、动名词；介词短语、副词及从句。
1)名词
He is an astronaut．他是一位宇航员。
2)形容词
The weather has turned cold．天气变冷了。
3) 非谓语动词
My job is to teach English. 我的工作是教英语。
The speech is exciting．这演讲激动人心。
His hobby is playing football．他的爱好是踢足球。
The teacher was pleased with my spoken English．老师对我的英语口语很满意。
4)介词短语
The machine must be out of order．这机器一定出毛病了。
He is against our plan．他反对我们的计划。
5)副词
Time is up．The class is over．时间到了，下课。
My father isn’t in．He is out．我父亲不在家，他出去了。
6)从句
The truth is that he has never been abroad．实际情况是他从未出过国。
What I want to know is when we’ll have the sports meet．
我想知道的是我们什么时候开运动会。
4、宾语
宾语表示及物动作的对象或承受者，用于回答谓语“谁”和“什么”，一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。
可充当宾语的内容和主语一样。
1)名词类
They went to see an exhibition yesterday．他们昨天去看了展览。
We should learn from him．我们应该向他学习。
2)非谓语类（不定式、ing 分词)
He pretended not to see me．他假装没有看见我。
She didn’t know what to do next．她不知道下一步做什么。
I enjoy listening to popular music．我喜欢听流行音乐。
3)从句
I think(that)he is fit for his office．我认为他称职。
He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class．
他问我班上谁的发音最好。
5、补语
补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。补语通常由形容词、名词或其他相当的结构担任。补语可分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。
1）宾语补足语：
The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference．
政府任命她为出席那个会议的代表团团长。(名词)
He doesn’t believe the story true．
他不相信这故事是真的。 (形容词)
The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week．
医生建议她卧床休息一周。 (不定式)
They saw her walking into the bookstore．
他们看见她进书店了。 (分词短语)
The children saw the kite up and up．
孩子们看到风筝越飞越高。 (副词)
You should put your books in order．
你应该把书摆整齐。 (介词短语)
2）主语补足语：含宾语补足语的句子改成被动语态时，原宾语和宾语补足语便分别成为主语和主语补足语。
We found him working in the office．（在此主动句子中working是宾补）
我们发现他正在办公室工作。
He was found working in the office．（在此被动句子中working是主补）
他被发现在办公室工作。
6、定语
用来修饰、说明、限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
可充当定语的有形容词；非谓语类(含不定式，ing 分词和ed 分词)；名词类（含代词、数词、名词所有格）；介词短语、副词和从句。
单个词作定语通常位于所修饰的词之前，但短语、从句作定语时通常位于所修饰的词之后。
1)形容词
Guilin is a beautiful city．桂林是一座美丽的城市。
A bright future shines before us．光明的未来展现在我们眼前。
2) 非谓语类
The building to be built next year will be our school.
明年要建的那幢楼将是我们的学校。
China is a developing country；America is a developed country．
中国是一个发展中国家，美国是一个发达国家。
3)名词类
There are thirty women teachers in our schoo1．我们学校有30名女教师。
More than thirty students in our class have read the book．
我们班三十多个学生读过这本书。
Mary’s parents have gone abroad．玛丽的父母出国了。
4) 介词短语
He is reading an article about how to learn English．
他正在读一篇有关如何学习英语的文章。
Who is the girl in red? 穿红衣服的那个姑娘是谁?
5)副词(多位于被修饰词之后)
A noise outside made him turn around．外面的喧闹声使他转过身来。
The man in the room below is friendly．楼下房间的那人很友好。
6)从句
There is nothing that worries him．没有什么事使他烦恼。
I will remember the day when I first met her．
我将记住第一次遇见她的那一天。
7、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
可充当状语的主要有副词、介词短语、非谓语类和从句。
1)副词
Light travels most quickly．光传播得最快。
Factories and buildings are seen here and there．
到处都能见到工厂和建筑物。
2)介词短语
He has lived in the city for ten years．他在那座城市住了10年了。
In spite of the difficulties，we went on with our work．
尽管有困难，但是我们仍继续工作。
3)非谓语类
The box is too heavy for me to lift．这个箱子太重，我抬不起。
He is in the room making a model plane．他在房间里做一架飞机模型。
Not knowing what to do，he decided to ask the teacher for advice．
他不知道怎么办好，就去问老师。
Encouraged by the teacher，I made up my mind to learn English well．
在老师的鼓励下，我决心把英语学好。
4)从句
Once you begin，you must continue．一旦开始，你就得继续下去。
I must work harder in order that I may catch up with the others．
为了赶上其他人，我必须更努力学习。
状语的种类
1)时间状语
How about meeting again at six? 6：00再见面怎样?
2)原因状语
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain．
由于下雨，她昨晚没有去参加舞会。
3)条件状语
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain．如果不下雨，我将到那里去。
As(So)long as you work hard，you can make rapid progress in English．
只要你努力，你就可以在英语方面取得很快的进步。
4)地点状语
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor．史密斯先生住在3楼。
Where there is water，there is life．有水的地方，就有生命。
5)方式状语
She put the eggs into the basket with great care．
她小心地把鸡蛋放在篮子里。
He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means．
他用这种方式极大地改善了他的英语口语。
6)伴随状语
She came in with a dictionary in her hand．她进来时手里拿着一本字典。
The teacher came in, followed by a group of students．
老师走了进来，后面跟着一群学生。
7)目的状语
In order to catch up with the others，I must work harder．
为了赶上其他人，我必须更努力学习。
I went there to see a friend of mine．我去那里看我的一个朋友。
8)结果状语
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately．他累极了，立刻就睡着了。
We arrived there only to find an empty room.
我们到了那儿只发现了一个空房间。
9)让步状语
She works very hard though she is old．
虽然她年纪大了，但她仍然十分努力工作。
No matter when you come，you are warmly welcomed．
不管你什么时候来，都欢迎。
10)程度状语
They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story．
听了英语的故事，他们深受感动。
I quite agree with you．我完全同意你的意见。
11)比较状语
I am taller than he is．我比他高。
The more I speak English，the better I’ll be．我越多讲英语，就讲得越好。
句子成分练习
指出下列句中画线部分的词性及在句中的作用
1. Tonight we have something special for dinner．
2. a. Thank you for years of your valuable service
b. She keeps her jewels, money and other valuables in the bank
3. He is a very fine musician．
4. a. The farmer enjoys the beauty of the long stretch of his land.
b. My wool sweater stretched when I washed．
5. a. I had a sharp pain in my back．
b. The meeting starts at 3 o’clock sharp.
6. a. Sound travels at 1,000 feet per second．
b. Your idea sounds a good one.
c. Old as Mary is，she still enjoys sound health
7. a. Father booked three seats on a plane．
b. Tom bought the tickets at the booking office outside the cinema．
8. a. On his way home he bought some apples at fruit stand．
b. The injured driver can hardly stand the pain any longer
c .This book stands high in my opinion．
9. To construct a reservoir is an important government project
10. a. Lovely Christmas presents are placed on the floor around a tree．
b. When George left office, the director presented him with a silver teapot．
c. We learn from the past, experience the present, and hope for success in the future.
第二章 句子
第一节 简单句
简单句的五种基本句型
英语句子的主要特征是：是句子就必须含有主、谓。英语简单句有以下五种基本句型。
1．主语+系动词+表语(简称，主系表)
系动词+表语构成名词性合成谓语；可作表语的有名词、名词所有格、代词主格或宾格、名词性物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、动词不定式和从句等。
She is a student．(名词)她是个学生。
He seems a clever boy．他似乎是个聪明的男孩。
She looks like her mother．(介词短语)她样子象她母亲。
The film is moving．(现在分词)这影片令人感动。
This shirt is not yours，but hers．(名词性物主代词)
这件衬衫不是你的，是她的。
2．主语+不及物动词（简称，主谓）
The sun rises．太阳升起来了。
He has just come．他刚来。
3．主语+及物动词+宾语（简称，主谓宾）
We love our motherland．我们热爱祖国。
she reads newspapers after supper．她晚饭后读报。
I like swimming．我喜欢游泳。
Li Ping wants to be a doctor．李平想当医生。
4．主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语（简称，主谓双宾）
直接宾语和间接宾语又叫双宾语。直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人。二者没有逻辑的主谓关系。要求跟双宾语的动词可分为两类：
(1）give，show，send，pass，hand，lend，post，serve，read，take，write，tell，teach．return，wish，allow，offer，promise，throw等。(sth. to sb.)
I lent her a novel．= I lent a novel to her. 我借给她一本小说。
Please show her your photos．= Please show your photos to her.
请把你的照片给她看看。
(2)buy，do, make，find，build, choose，cut，draw, earn，gather，paint，pick, prepare get，order，sing，spare等。(sth. for sb.)
Her mother bought her a red skirt．
= Her mother bought a red skirt for her．
她母亲给她买了一条红裙子。
Please do me a favor．= Please do a favor for me． 请帮个忙。
5．主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(简称，主谓复合宾)
有些动词带一个宾语意思不完整，还需要一个宾语补足语进一步说明，意思才完整。宾语+宾语补足语构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑的主谓关系。双宾语之间则没有逻辑的主谓关系。
可作宾语补足语的词类有：名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词和介词短语。
常见的要求带宾补的动词有：make，elect，choose，call，name，leave，find, keep, think, set, let，see，show，ask，tell，invite，want，wish，advise，get，force，oblige，allow，permit，like，encourage，order，expect，prefer，hate，persuade等。
Her parents named her Mary．(名词)父母给她取名玛丽。
Do you find life hard here?(形容词)你感觉这儿的生活艰苦吗?
I’m so glad I found you in．(副词)我很高兴你在家。
I strongly advised him not to do so．(不定式)我竭力劝他不要这样做。
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere grow tense．
(不带to 的不定式)我突然感到气氛紧张起来。
I noticed him leaving the house．（-ing形式）我注意到他离开房子。
I was glad to see them so well treated．
（-ed形式）看到他们受到这样好的待遇，我很高兴。
另外，有些动词要求用it作形式宾语，名词或形容词作宾补，如：make，find，feel，think．
I feel it necessary to speak about my opinion．
(形容词)我觉得有必要谈谈我的意见。
思考题
1、什么叫双宾语？
2、什么叫复合宾语？
3、双宾语和复合宾语有什么区别？举例说明。
练习题：说出系列各句分别是哪种句型；如果含有宾补，请划出作宾补的词语。
1、The old man stopped to watch the children playing．
2、She is deeply moved．
3、What I want is this．
4、She is out．
5、Her job is looking after the children．
6、I hope that you can often write me letters．
7、Allow me a few minutes to read the magazine．
8、She offered an old man her seat．
9、She wrote a letter to me．（她写了封信给我。）
10、She wrote a letter for me．（她替我写了封信。）
11、How do you find the dish?
12、Please ask them upstairs．
13、Will you allow me to take this magazine home?
14、I’ve never seen you look so well before．
15、He kept you wait a long time．
16、They invited me to attend the party．
17、They made Smith the president of the University．
18、Doctors recognize Johnson as a leading authority．
19、His teacher advised him to take up the piano．
20、He gave me the facts in brief
第二节 并列句
并列句包括两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句。其结构为“简单句+连词+简单句”或中间由“；”连接。
1、表示延续、并列关系的连词有and(同，和)，so(所以，因此)，for, therefore(因为，所以)，not only…but(also)(不仅……而且)，neither…nor(既不……也不)等。如：
We help them and they help us．
我们帮助他们，他们帮助我们。
He has been working hard, so he has made much progress recently.
他一直努力工作，所以他近来取得了很大进步。
I think，therefore I exist．
我思故我在。
She not only writes her own plays, but she also acts in them．
她不仅自己编剧本，还饰演其中的角色。
He neither speaks English, nor understands it．
他既不会讲英语，也听不懂英语。
2、表示两者之间选择其一常用的有or(或者，否则)，otherwise(否则)，or else(否则)，either…or(不是……就是)。如：
Either he is to blame or I am．
不是他该受责，就是我该受责。
You must go to work or／or else／otherwise you’ll lose your job．
你得去上班了，要不然就要失去这份工作了。
3、表示转折关系的并列连词有but(但是)，yet(然而)，still(仍然)，however(然而)，while(而，可是另一方面)，whereas(而，反过来)等。
He is well over seventy, but he doesn’t look at all old．
他七十多岁，但看上去一点儿也不老。
She trained hard all year, yet she still failed to reach her best form.
她全年艰苦训练，然而仍未达到自己的最佳状态。
I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream
我爱喝清咖啡而他喜欢加奶油的。
第三节 复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。从句包括名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句）、状语从句和定语从句。 如：
What he said is true. 他所说的是真的。（主语从句）
I didn’t hear what he had said. 我没听见他说的什么。（宾语从句）
The question is who will go there. 问题是谁愿意去那里。（表语从句）
I was about to leave，when the telephone rang．
我正准备离开，电话响了。（状语从句）
This is the book that I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的书。（定语从句）
名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句三大从句的具体用法下面我们要分别具体解释。
练习：判断下列句子是并列句还是复合句。
1. The wind blew hard; the snow fell heavily.
2. Use your head，and you’11 find the answer．
3. Do what you’ve been told，otherwise you will be punished．
4. Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?
5. He is strong，while his brother is weak．
6. He got up early，(and)yet he failed to catch the early bus．
7. He knew what he wanted，however，he didn’t know how to get it．
8. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear．
9. When we’ll have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet．
10. She is weak, while his son is strong．
11. Though he is old，(yet)he works very hard．
12. I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth．
13. I am sure that we can get there on time．
14. Do you know the man who is talking to Mr. Jack?
15. Where there is a will, there is a way.
16. Spring comes and trees turn green．
17. He doesn’t smoke，neither／nor does his brother．
18. I spoke so slowly that I could make myself understood.
第四节 名词性从句
一、 定义
首先，请同学们说出下列句各中划线词的词性及语法作用。
Mary is a teacher.
I like English.
结论：它们都是名词，在句中分别做主语、表语和宾语。即在英语中名词的主要作用是做主语、表语和宾语。
然后，我们一起分析下列各句中划线部分的语法作用。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论：它们分别做主语、宾语和表语。均起到了一个名词的作用。再者，划线部分本身就是一个句子，故在复合句中起名词作用的从句统称名词性从句。
二、分类
请重读上述例句并依据它们在全句中的作用，说出它们具体的从句名称。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论：在复合句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句；
起____作用的从句称为宾语从句；
起表语作用的从句称为____从句；
名词性从句分三类：主语从句；宾语从句和表语从句。
三、连词
引导名词性从句的引导词有三类：
1. that
2. whether/if(主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句)；as if(主要用于引导表语从句)
3. who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how.
主语从句
that引导的主语从句
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
That she became monitor made us happy.
英文中有一种习惯，把that 引导的主语从句用it来代替它，即it做形式主语，把做真正主语的主语从句放在主句之后。如：
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
=It is certain that he will come tomorrow. 再例：
It is necessary that we learn English well.
It is a pity that we can’t go shopping.
It is said that he has been to <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />England.
whether引导的主语从句
Whether she will be our teacher is not clear.
=It is not clear whether she will be our teacher.
Whether he will succeed or not doesn’t interest me.
=It doesn’t interest me whether he will succeed or not.
wh-词和how 引导的主语从句
（who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why均以wh开头，故统称wh-词）
Who will be our English teacher has not been decided.
What you have said sounds reasonable.
注意：1. that在主语从句中不起任何语法作用，但不能省略。
2. if 不能引导主语从句。
宾语从句
它可以作动词谓语的宾语，也可作非谓语动词、某些介词和某些形容词的宾语。
that引导的宾语从句
I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth．
I am sure that we can get there on time．
由that引起的宾语从句在意思上相当于陈述句，此时that常可省去，但在以下几种情况下，that不可省。
1)that从句被短语，词组等与谓语动词分隔开时，that不可省。
They told us once again that this should never happen．
(此句中that引导的宾语从句被词组once again与主句隔开，因此that不可省。)
Everyone could see，I believe, that Mike was terrified．
(句中I believe为插入语，故that不可省)
2)当连接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第二个从句及以后的连接词that不可省。
She said(that)her mother had gone abroad and that she would come back in a week.
whether，if 引导的宾语从句
I don，t know if／whether he has ever been to New York．
I wonder whether he can speak German or not．
以上例句中的whether和if(是否)都是引导宾语从句的，一般情况下whether，和if可互换。但在下列情况下whether和if不可换用。
1)whether之后可紧跟or not或构成whether．. .or not结构，if后一般不能紧跟or not,但可构成if．..or not结构．
I wonder whether／if Mr．Smith has arrived or not．
I wonder whether or not Mr．Smith has arrived．(不可用if代替)
2)当宾语从句是否定句时，只可用if而不可用whether。
I don’t care if she doesn’t smile．
3)当该宾语从句为介词宾语时，只可用whether而不可用if.
I’m not interested in whether you are against the proposal or not．
4)当宾语从句中出现了并列连词or构成的并列结构时，只可用whether而不可用if．
He asked me whether I was a student or a teacher．
wh-词和how 引导的宾语从句
I can’t imagine why he did that thing.
Please tell me where you went yesterday.
注意：1. 整个复合句是疑问句时，其中的宾语从句应用陈述句的语序。
2. 当主句的谓语动词是过去时态时，宾语从句的谓语应用过去相应的时态。(表示真理的和客观事实的除外)
表语从句
that引导的表语从句
The reason was that he fell ill.
My idea is that we should spend our holiday in Qingdao.
as if 引导的表语从句
The question is whether it is worth doing.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
wh-词和how 引导的表语从句
Is this where he was born?
The important thing is what on earth has happened to him.
The question is who will go there.
思考题
1.主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句为什么统称为名词性从句？
2.that 引导主语从句和宾语从句有什么异同？
3.whether 和if 在引导名词性从句时的区别是什么？
4.在宾语从句中，哪几种情况that不能省略？在语序和时态方面应注意什么？
练习:
一、找出下列各复合句中的从句并说明是什么从句，且口译全句。
1. It is a wonder that he should know so much about this matter.
2. I’m sure that you are the tallest man in the world.
3. We are afraid that the trip will be too much for an old man．
4. It doesn’t make much difference whether they come or not.
5. Whether or not he is your friend doesn’t too much.
6. Where she has gone is not known yet．
7. You may take whatever you like．
8. He told me where he had been．
9. I know when we will take off for London．
10. How he became a three-good student is known to us a11．
11. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear．
12. It happened that they went out when I called.
13. When we’11 have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet．
14. Whom the teacher will praise in class is an important question．
15. I’m sorry that I didn’t recognize you just now.
16. We are glad that none of you failed in this exam.
17. He said that he would call on his old teacher．
18. I heard that some of the old teachers in our school had retired．
19. I want to know what has happened to her．
20. Whose answer is correct will be discussed at the meeting．
21. Which composition is the best will be decided tomorrow．
22. I was surprised at what you said．
23. Did he say anything about how the work was to be done?
24. The question is whether it worth doing.
25. The reason is that he fell ill.
二、单项选择
1．Can you tell me_____?
A. who is that gentleman B．that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D．whom is that gentleman
2．Can you tell me _____ the railway station?
A, how I can get to B. how can I get to
C. where I can get to D．where can I get to
3．Ask her _____ come with me．
A. if she will B．if will she
C．whether will she D．will she
4. I have no idea _____ far the airport is from here．
A．what B. how C．it’s D．that
5．They have no idea at all ______ ．
A. where he has gone B．where did he go
C. which place has he gone D．where has he gone
6．_____ he said is true．
A. What B．That C．Which D．Whether
7．_____ you have done might do harm to other people．
A．That B. What C．Which D．This
8．They want to know _____ do to help us.
A. what can they B. what they can
C. how they can D．how can they
9. These photographs will show you ______．
A．what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C．how does our village look like D．how our village looks like
10. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights．
A. Anyone B．The person C. Whoever D．Who
11. _____ we need more practice is quite clear．
A．When B．What C. That D．／
l2. _____ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business
A．If B. Whether C. Even if D．No matter when
13．_____ he is doing seems quite difficult．
A．How B．That C．Which D. What
14． ______ that there is another good harvest this year．
A．It says B. It is said C．I was said D．He was said
15. It is suggested that a new building_____．
A. be built at once B. should build next year
C．would be built at once D. could be built next year
16．It is suggested that the experiment _____ under low temperature．
A．makes B．is making C. should be made D．will be made
17．_____ was quite helpful．
A. What they advised me to do B．That they advised me to do
C. What did they advise me to do D．All what they advised me to do
18．_____ still needs to be discussed．
A. How is the plan to be carried out B. How the plan is to be carried out
C. Why is the plan carried out D. Why the plan is carried out
19．The question is _____ we’11 overcome all the difficulties．
A．what B. how C．that D．which
20．Shanghai is no longer the same city _____ ．
A. as it used to be B．what it used to be
C. as it is used to being D．that it used to be
21．Is it possible _____ he misunderstood _____ I said?
A．that, that B. what, what
C．what, that D. that, what
22．He thought _____ he might fail in the exam worried him．
A．which B. that C．when D．so that
23．The fact is ____ he is an advanced worker．
A．what B．which C. that D．why
24．I have no idea _____．
A. what does the word“infinity”mean
B. what the word“infinity”means
C. what the meaning of word the“infinity”
D. what the word“infinity”mean
25．I wonder _____ he asked such a silly question in public．
A．how B．what C．that D. why
26．Are you sure _____?
A. whether she is honest B．that she is honesty
C. she is honest D．is she honest
27．He _____ you are not going abroad．
A．surprised that B. is surprised that
C．surprised at D. is surprised whether
28. What I said was wrong in the last letter for you．I wish I ______ it back.
A. could take B. would take C．will take D．take
29．I wish I _____ yesterday’s lecture．
A．were able to attend B. had been able to attend
C．attend D. could be attending
30．Do you know what time _____ ?
A. does the football match begin B．begins the football match
C. the football match begins D．will the football match begin
31．___ will take part in the physics contest will be announced at tomorrow’s meeting．
A. Whoever B. Who C．Which D．That
32．_____ certain that his invention will lead to the development of production．
A．That’s B．This is C. It’s D．What’s
33．It seems to me _____not all the government officials are honest.
A. that B．why
C．even if D．how
34．_____ that he has written several books in the last few years．
A．It says B. It is said C．It was said D．He was said
35．_____ I was free that evening．
A．It happened to B. It happened that
C．That happened D. It is happened that
36．It is strange ______ .
A. that no one should like this book B．that no one liked this book
C. that why no one likes this book D．why no one likes this book
37．That was _____ the Party called on us to do．
A. what B．that C．how D．why
38．The trouble is ______ we are short of hands．
A．what B. that C．how D．why
39．Qingdao is no longer ______ ．
A. what it used to be B．what it used to like
C. which it used to be D．what it is used to
40. _____I can’t understand is _____ he wants to change his mind．
A．What，that B. what, why C．Which，how D．What，what
41. The reason why I have to go is ______if I don’t．
A. that she will be disappointed B. because she will be disappointed
C. that she will be disappointing D. on account of her being disappointed
42. The fact _____ in the past few years proves that the reform and open policy is correct.
A. that great achievement was made
B. which great achievements were made
C. what have been made
D. that great achievements have been made
43．His suggestion _____ to see the art exhibition interested every one of us．
A. that we go B．which we should go
C. that would go D．when we should go
44．I will give this dictionary to ____ wants to have it．
A．whomever B .whoever C．who D．whatever
45. He kept looking at the girl，wondering ______ ．
A. where he has seen her before B. where has he seen her before
C. where he had seen her before D. where had he seen her before
46. He was interested in ______ he had seen at the exhibition．
A. which B．that C. all that D. all what
47．I don’t think _____ .
A. he came to the concert yesterday true．
B. true that he came to the concert yesterday．
C. it that he came to the concert yesterday true．
D. it true that he came to the concert yesterday．
48．I did ______ I could ______ the orphan．
A. that, take care of B．how，take care of
C. what, to take care of D．what，take care of
49. In the room he wrote down _____ ．
A．that had happened B．that had happened to him
C．what had been happened D．what had happened to him
50．My English teacher asked _____ ．
A. what was wrong with me B. what was wrong with you
C. what is wrong with me D. what is wrong with you
51．Can you make sure _____ the gold ring?
A. where Alice had put B．where had Alice put
C. where Alice has put D．where has Alice put
52. No one can be sure _____ in a million years．
A. what man will look like B．what will man look like
C．man will look like what D．what look will man like
53. It worried her a bit ______ her hair was turning grey．
A. while B . that C．if D．for
54．_____ the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing again is not known yet. A．Whenever B．If C．Whether D．That
55．_____ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present．
A. What B. That C．How D．Why
56．一Do you remember ______ he came?
—Yes，I do．He came by car．
A. how B．when C．that D．if
57．It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants．
A．however B. whatever C．whichever D．whenever
58．—I drove to Zhuhai for the air show 1ast week．
—Is that ______ you had a few days off．
A. why B．when C．what D．where
59．The ability to do the job matters not ______ you come from or what you are．
A．when B. where C．what D．how
60．A computer can only do _____ you have instructed it to do．
A．how B．after C. what D．when
三、汉译英
1．我想知道的就是她明天是否来。
2．下周我们考英语是确定无疑的。
3．他怎样被选为班长是众所周知的。
4．我们什么时候动身去上海还没定下来。
5．谁在会上作报告还不清楚。
6．不论谁第一次失败还可以再给一次机会。
7．所有文章中哪一篇最好要在明天定下来。
8．她说她第二天要去拜访她的英语启蒙老师。
9．请问到中山公园怎么走?
10．我很想知道谁将取得第一名。
11．我相信他将在家里等我。
12．我纳闷为什么你这么久没给我回信。
13．这次考试你没有得高分我感到奇怪。
14．不知你能否给我指出到邮电局的路。
15．他似乎很高兴。
第五节 定语从句
一、 定义：定语从句是一种形容词性从句。相当于形容词，修饰名词、代词或者句子。
1．先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句须放在先行词之后。
2．引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词和关系副词，不但起连接主从复合句的作用，而且在句子中必须担任句子成份。
关系代词有：who，whom，whose，that，which等。
关系副词有：when，where，why等。
A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health.
句中person是先行词，划线部分是定语从句，who是关系代词 引导定语从句，在从句中做主语。
3．定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词在人称上和数上一致。
1) This is the girl who usually is the first to come to school. （is 和girl 保持一致。）
These are the girls who usually are the first to come to school.
(are 和girls 保持一致。）
2)one of +复数名词+定语从句+复数谓语
He is one of the boys who have been to Beijing.
但the only one of +复数名词+定语从句+单数谓语
He is the only one of the boys who has been to Beijing.
二、关系代词的用法：
关系词
代替功能
在从句中
的作用
例句
who
代替人
主语
The girl who plays the piano very well is his daughter．那位钢琴弹得很好的小姑娘是他的女儿。
表语
He is no longer the man who he used to be．他不再是以前那样的人了。
whom
代替人
动词宾语
Where is the student whom Professor Su praised at the meeting? 苏教授在会上表扬的那个学牛在哪里?
介词宾语
The man with whom she was traveling is her
boyfriend．跟她一道旅行的那个男人是他的男朋友。
Whose(=of whomwhich)
代替人
从句中作名词的定语
She is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to London．她在照看其父母去了伦敦的那个小孩。
代替物
He lives in the room whose windows face south．他住在窗户朝南的那个房间。
that
代替人
主语
The man that is speaking at the meeting is a famous scientist．
在会上讲话的那个人是一位著名的科学家。
宾语
Is this the teacher that you talked about yesterday．
这就是你们昨天淡到的那位老师吗?
表语
She is no longer the girl that she was in her childhood．她不再是她童年时代的那个女孩了。
代替物代替 代替物
主语
The train that has just left is for Shanghai．刚刚离开的那列火车是开往上海的。
宾语
Is this the photo that you took last summer? 这是你去年夏天照的相片吗?
表语
My home town is not a polluted place that you think it to be．我的家乡不是像你认为的一个污染的地方。
which
代替物
主语
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket．
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。
宾语
The computer which I wanted to buy was sold out．我想买的那种计算机卖完了。
表语
She was fond of dancing，which her brother never was．她喜爱跳舞，她弟弟从不喜爱。
1．用who代替whom在从句中作宾语，主要用于口语。
2．在口语中 who, whom, that, which在从句中作动词宾语时常常省去。如：
The boy (whom)I mentioned is his son．我刚才提到的那个男孩是他的儿子。
3．两种不能用that 引导定语从句的情况：
一是当关系代词作介词宾语，且介词在关系代词前面时，不可用that，只能用who, whom或which。
This is the house in which we lived last year.
This is the house that we lived in last year.
二是非限定性定语从句不能用that 引导，只能用whom或which。
The book here, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by Mary.
4．几种只能用that引导定语从句的情况：
1）先行词是不定代词all，few，little，much，everything，nothing，anything，none等。如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
2）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级。如：
This is the best movie that I’ve ever seen．这是我看到过的最好一部电影。
3) 先行词被all，any，every，each，few，little，no，some等修饰时。如：
I have read all the books(that)you gave me．我读了你给我的所有的书。
4）先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last修饰时。如：
He is the only person that I want to talk to．他就是我要谈话的那个人。
5）当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时。 如：
They are talking about things and persons that they remembered.
他们在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人和事。
6)在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，为避免重复。如：
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
Which of the books that were borrowed from the library is yours?
从图书馆借的哪一本是你的？
7) 如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用which，则另一个用that。如：
The country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen before. 这个国家建了一个生产以前未曾见到过的东西的工厂。
8）主句以there be开头。如：
There is a seat in the corner that is still free．在那个角落还有个座位空着。
三、关系副词的用法：
引导定语从句的关系副词代替与其相应的先行词，并且在从句中分别起时间、地点和原因状语作用。关系副词在意义上常常相当于一个“介词+which”结构。如下表：
关系词
代替功能
在从句中
的作用
例 句
when (= at，on，in，during which)
时间名词
时间状语
I shall never forget the day when(on which)we moved into our new house．
我将永远不会忘记我们搬进新居的那一天。
where (=in, at which)
地点名词
地点状语
This is the place where(at which)Jack parks his car．
这是杰克放车的地方。
why(for which)
指代原因
原因状语
He didn't know the reason why(for which)he was dismissed．
他不知道他为什么被解职。
1．虽然先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，但关系词在从句中不是充当状语，而是充当主语、宾语时，就不能用when，where和why。也就是说选择关系词与先行词在主句中的语法地位无关，主要看代替先行词的关系词在从句中担任什么成分；其次再看先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。如：
I still remember the days when I stayed in Beijing．
我仍然记得在北京待的那些日子
I still remember the days which we spent together．
我仍然记得我们在一起度过的那些日子。
He showed me the place where he lived．他带我看了他住的地方。
This is the place which we visited last year．这是我们去年参观过的地方。
This is the reason why we must go earlier now．
这就是我们必须早点去的原因。
The reason which you gave us was unacceptable．
你提出的理由是不能接受的。
2．在口语和非正式场合，when，where和why或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”结构。如：
Do you know anywhere where (=at which) I can get a drink?
你知道在那儿我能喝杯酒？
The last day when (= on which)I saw her was a fine morning in July．
我见到她的最后那天是七月份的一个阳光明媚的早晨。
Spring is the best season when (during which) we can go outing.
This is the reason why (=for which)he was absent yesterday．
这就是他昨天缺席的理由。
This is the dictionary with which I can translate the book.
总结以上例句，“介词+which”中的介词的的选定主要跟据如下三中情况而定：1）先行词2）定语从句中的动词3）全句的意思。
再欣赏下面两个句子：
They reached a big mountain，at the foot of which there was a farmhouse．
他们到了一座大山，山脚下有一家农舍。
The beautiful building，in front of which there is a flower bed，is our teaching
building．
那座漂亮的大楼是我们的教学楼，前面有个花坛。
此类结构还有：at the foot of，at the hack of，in front of，on the top of等。
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：
限制性定语从句与主句的关系密切，省去定语从句意思不完整，主句和定语从句之间不能用逗号隔开，常译为先行词的定语。
非限制性定语从句和主句关系不密切，只是对先行词作附带说明，省去定语从句，主句的意思还很完整，定语从句和主句之问用逗号隔开，常译为另一个句子。
The project，which lasted four years，cost$1 billion.
这个工程耗资十亿，它用了四年时间。
Bob’s father，who worked on the project，spent four years in Egypt．
鲍勃的爸爸在埃及度过了四年的时间，他就为这个工程工作。
试比较下列句子：
All the magazines here，which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by Tom．
这儿所有的杂志都是Tom写的，里面都有图画。
(附带说明，这儿所有的杂志里面都有图画。)
All the magazines here which have beautiful pictures in them were written by Tom．
这儿里面有图画的所有杂志都是Tom写的。
(其含义是里面没有图画的杂志不是他写的)
His young sister，who is eighteen years old, is a college student．
他妹妹是个大学生，今年十八岁。(含义是他只有一个妹妹)
His young sister who is eighteen years old is a college student．
他那个十八岁的妹妹是个大学生。(含义是他可能有不只一个妹妹)
五、注意事项：
许多同学在翻译定语从句时容易犯如下两种错误，
1、少主语
There are ten girls come from the south in our class. (定语从句中少了come 的主语）
我们班有十个来自南方的女生。
2、多宾语
This is the book I bought it yesterday. (定语从句中bought多了个宾语it)
这是我昨天买的书。
六、“as”引导的定语从句（此部分只做了解即可）
as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或状语，构成the same … as，such…as，so…as等结构。如：
Here are such questions as are often asked by the students．
这是些学生们常常问的那类问题。(as作主语)
This is the same computer as I have bought．
这台计算机和我买的那台一样。(as作宾语)
I have never seen such kind of girl as she is．
我从未见过像她这样的女孩。(as作表语)
I’ll do the experiment the same way as he does
我将采用和他同样的方法做这个实验。(as作方式状语)
I came the same day as she left．
我在她离开的同一天来的。 (as作时间状语)
He studies in the same college as I do．
他和我在同一所大学学习。(as作地点状语)
He didn’t believe such reason as she did so．
他不相信她那样做的理由。 (as作原因状语)
Here is so easy a question／such an easy question as everybody can answer．
这个问题很容易，谁都能答得上来。(as作结果状语)
引导定语从句的so／such…as 与表示结果的so／such…that结构的区别：
当从句中不缺成分时用so／such…that引导的是结果状语从句，
当从句中缺少成分时用so／such…as引导的是定语从句。如：
As a teacher, I seldom give students so difficult a problem as they can’t work out．
As a teacher, I seldom give students so difficult a problem that they can’t work it out．
They are such beautiful pictures as drew（吸引）many people’s attention．
They are such beautiful pictures that they drew many people’s attention．
as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明。但一般用于像as we all know，as is known to all，as it is，as is said above，as is often the case等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可插入主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句分开。as有“正如……”，“就像……”之意。
He forgot to bring his pen with him，as was often the case．
他忘了带笔，这是常事。(as在从句中作主语)
He is absorbed in work, as he often was．
他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。(as在从句中作表语)
As we all know，the earth is round．
众所周知，地球是圆的。 (as在从句中作宾语)
七、小结：
1、
关系词
作用
先行词
that，who，whom
主语、表语、宾语
人
that, which
主语、表语、宾语
人，物，时间，地点
whose
定语
人、物
when
状语
时间
where
状语
地点
why
状语
原因
2、做定语从句题时应按如下两个步骤分析：
第一，分析定语从句中缺少什么成分。如果少主、宾、表、定语，就去选择关系代词；如果少状语，就去选关系副词。
第二，分析先行词是表示什么的词语。如果先行词是表示人的就去选who, whom, that, 或者whose；如果先行词是表示物的就去选 that, which, whose,；如果先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的词就分别去选when, where, why。其中对地点的理解应拓展到空间，如position, book 等均可以理解为表示空间的词语，请注意下面的典型例句(2)。
注意：这两个步骤不能颠倒。有许多同学在做定语从句题时的分析步骤和上述是相反的，所以常出错误。
典型例句：
(1) This is the house where we lived last year.
（定语从句中live 少状语，故用where 引导定从。）
This is the house that we visited last year.
（定语从句中visit 少宾语，故用that 引导定从。）
(2) This is the book where you can find the answer to the question.
（book不是表示地点的名词，但定从中少地点状语，故用where）
3、定语从句与表语、宾语从句的转换（一种意思多种表达方式）
（1） I don’t know the things that he wants. = I don’t know what he wants.
定语从句 宾语从句
（2）I don’t know the place where he lives. = I don’t know where he lives.
定语从句 宾语从句
（3）This is the place where he lived last year.= This is where he lived last year.
定语从句 表语从句
八、同位语从句
在有些名词如idea，thought，news，fact，report，promise，hope，plan，belief，doubt, feeling, dream, wish等后面，可以用that等连接词语引导一个从句，来解释、说明前面这个名词的内容，叫同位语从句。同位语从句与定语从句的区别在于：定语从句是用来修饰、限定先行词(名词或代词)，相当于一个形容词；而同位语从句和先行词的关系是等同的。
引导同位语从句的连词有，that，whether, how，when，where，why等。
that只起连接作用，不作句子成分，但不能省略，这也是和that 引导定语从句的区别。
The news that we’11 hold the sports meet next week is known to a11．
我们下周开运动会的消息大家都知道。
I expressed the hope that he would come to visit our school again．
我表示希望他再来参观我们学校。
The fact that he didn’t attend the meeting surprised me．
他没有参加会议的事实使我很惊奇。
I have no idea when she will be back．我不知道她什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not．
他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。
定语从句练习
一、单项选择
1．When they met again，the two friends talked about lots of things and persons _____ they could remember in schoo1．
A．who B．whom C. that D．which
2．This is the modern hotel _____ the guests can enjoy the most comfortable things．
A. where B．which C．that D．in that
3．July 27，1989 is the day _____ I will never forget，when both of us had a wonderful time．
A．on which B．when C．whom D. that
4．Both of them will remember the months and the years ___ they spent in the army.
A. which B．when C．in which D．what
5．It is the factory _____produces all kinds of TV sets．
A．in which B. which C．what D．where
6．Do you know the little boy_____ broke the glasses yesterday afternoon?
A．which B．how C．whom D. who
7．The sun is bigger than the earth，_____ even a child knows．
A．that B．who C. as D．what
8．Miss Zhang devoted herself to the development of education，_____ led to her final success．
A．that B．which C．so that D．so
9．Is that the laboratory _____ the foreigners visited yesterday?
A．that B．where C．in which D．the one
10．Is that laboratory _____ we did physics experiments in during our middle school days?
A．that B．where C. which D. the one
11. I have the same dictionary _____ you bought just now.
A．which B．that C. as D．whose
12．I _____ one of the sports-lovers，often spend some time on training in the stadium.
A. who am B．who is C. am D．that is
13．Let’s discuss _____ questions _____ are about the future of the youth．
A．so；as B．so；that C．such；that D. such; as
14．Those _____ not only from books but also through practices will succeed．
A．which learns B．who learning C．what learns D. who learns
15. A football fan is _____ has a strong interest in football．
A．who B. a person who C．a thing that D．something that
16．Didn’t you see the girl _____ ?
A. I nodded to a moment ago B. I nodded to her a moment ago
C. whom I nodded a moment ago D. I nodded a moment ago
17．Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day?
A．that you talked B. you talked about
C．you talked about it D．which you talked with
18．Please pass me the dictionary _____ cover is black．
A．who B．who’s C. whose D．which
19．Ping Ping is not _____ girl _____ she was．
A．such，as B. the same，as C．that，as D．the same, who
20．Who is the man _____ talked to you just now?
A．who B．whom C. that D．which
21．It’s the third time _____ late this month．
A. that you arrived B．when you arrived
C. that you have arrived D．when you have arrived
22．Qingdao is the most satisfactory city ______ we’re going to visit．
A. that B．which C．where D．in which
23．Xiao Yan is the only one of the students in our class who ____ a three-good student．
A．are B．is C．were D．was
24．Qingdao is one of the most beautiful cities ______ in China．
A．that have seen B．that has seen
C．that have been seen D．that has been seen
25．The beautiful seaside， _____ we both spend our summer holidays every year，lies in the north of Laizhou City．
A. where B．that C．which D．what
26．The hotel _____ during our holidays stands by the seaside．
A. we stayed at B．where we stayed at
C. we stayed D．in that we stayed
27．He is a man of great experience， ______ much can be learned．
A．that B．who C．from which D. from whom
28. Wang Hong has made great progress in her studies and has won a prize，_____ has made us surprised．
A．that B. which C．who D．what
29．Finally，the thief handed everything _____ he had stolen to the people．
A．which B．what C．whatever D．that
30．His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone _____ family was poor．
A. of whom B．whom C．of whose D．whose
31．Robert is good at languages，_____ we all know．
A．that B．as C．when D．what
32．All ______ is needed is a supply of oil．
A．the thing B．that C．what D．which
33．He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows，most of _____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year．
A．these B．those C．that D．which
34. The girl _____ aunt is a famous singer is fond of music.
A. who B. that C. which D. whose
35．She heard a terrible noise，_____ brought her heart into her mouth．
A．it B．which C．this D. that
36. In the dark street，there wasn’t a single person to______ she could turn for help．
A．that B．who C．which D. whom
37．The weather turned out to be very good，_____ was more than we could expect．
A．it B．what C．that D．which
38．After living in Paris for fifty years，he returned to the small town _____ he grew up as a child．
A．which B．where C．that D．when
39．Carol said the work would be done by October，_____ personally I doubt very much．
A．it B．that C．when D．which
40．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _____ , of course，made the others unhappy．
A．who B．which C．this D．what
41.I have many friends, _____ are businessmen．
A. they B. which C. that D. and they
42. If a shop has chairs _____ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop．
A. that B. which C. when D. where
43. Last month，part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods，from _____ effects the people are still suffering．
A. that B. whose C. those D. what
44. Jim passed the driving test，_____ surprised everybody in the office．
A. which B. that C. this D. it
45. Peter, _____ you met yesterday, is now a good student．
A. where B. which C. who D. that
46. ---Is that the small town you often refer to?
--- Right，just the one _____ you know I used to work for years．
A. that B. which C. where D. what
47. The boy, ______ father is an engineer, works hard．
A. that B. whose C. his D. as
48. Her sister has become a lawyer，____ she wanted to be．
A. who B. that C. what D. which
49. I came the same day ______ she left．
A. when B. that C. as D. on which
50. He was educated at a local grammar school，_____ he went on to Cambridge．
A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this
51. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ______ they are being trained．
A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which
52. The place ______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _____ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest．
A. which, where B. at which, which
C. at which, where D. which, in which
53. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _____ people were eaten by the tiger．
A. in which B. by which C. which D. that
54. I walked in our garden，_____ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees．
A. which B. when C. where D. that
55. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf，_____ five are mine．
A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from which
56. There are two buildings，_____ stands nearly a hundred feet high.
A. the larger B. the larger of them
C. the larger one that D. the larger of which
57. He didn’t believe such reason ______ she did so．
A. as B. why C. how D. when
58. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year，80％_____are sold abroad．
A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that
59. Anyway，that evening，______ I’ll tell yon more about later，I ended up staying at Rachel’s place．
A. when B. where C. what D. which
60. Professor Wang, _____ is over sixty, still works hard day and night ．
A. which B. he C. whoever D. who
二、汉译英
1．我不认识刚才同李玲谈话的那个人。
2．他父亲是个农民的那个男孩在班里学习最努力。
3．刚才同你打招呼的那个人是谁?
4．你还有别的事情让我帮你做吗?
5．本学期她取得很大进步，这使我们很高兴。
6．我将永远记住1989年7月27日那个日子，在那一天我们俩去海上游泳，玩得很痛快。
7．这是我两年前游览过的名胜。
8．我不知道玛丽今天上午上课迟到的原因。
9．里面有图画的书是他写的。
10．这些书是他写的，里面有图画。
11．我们的国家和过去不同了。
12．下周举行英语竞赛的消息大家都知道。
13．到场的先生们和女士们都是我在乡下工作时交的朋友。
14．你认识今天下午给我们做报告的那个先生吗?
15．你必须做我做的一切。
16．那个红头发的男孩子很聪明。
第六节 状语从句
状语从句的作用相当于副词，用来修饰动词、副词和形容词，因此又称为副词性从句。
状语从句用陈述句语序，一般位于复合句的句首或句末。当从句在句首时，从句
后常用逗号。状语从句按其含义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较(方式)、让步、条件等状语从句。
一、时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词有when…(当……时候)．whenever(每当)，as(当……时候，一边……一边……)，while(当……时候，在……期间)，before(在……之前)，after(在……之后)，until（till）(直到)，since(自从)，once(一旦)，as soon as(一……就)hardly…when(刚…就)，no sooner…than(刚……就)，every time(each time)(每当)等。
1、when，while和as三个从属连词用法很相近，其区别是：
（1）while引导的从句，谓语动词只能用延续性动词，强调主从复合句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，而when, as引导的从句，谓语动词既可用延续性动词，又可用非延续性动词。
When(As)she finished playing，she turned to look at Liszt．
当她演奏结束后，转过身去看了看李斯特。
(finish是非延续性动词，只能用when或as)。
While I was in Beijing，I saw her only once．我在北京期间，只见过她一次。
(was表示所处的状态，可以延续，表示一段时间，用while或when)
（2）when从句的动作可以早于主句谓语的动作，而while, as 不能。
When I receive the letter, I’ll tell you.
我接到信后会告诉你的。(receive 早于tell)。
（3）as特别强调主从句中的动作同时发生，常译成“一面……一面……， 随着”；主、从句的主语往往是一者。它也用来说明两种正在发展或变化的情况。
As we walked, we talked. 我们边走边谈。
As I get older，I get happier．我越活越幸福。(说明两种正发展或变化的情况)
As spring comes，it gets warmer and warmer．随着春天的到来，天气越来越暖和了。
（4）注意when和while的另种用法，意思和从属连词就不一样了。
An Arab was walking alone through the desert when he met two men．
有个阿拉伯人正独自在沙漠里走着，这时他碰到两个人。(when =at that time. 此时主句的谓语通常是进行时或是即将要开始的动作，所以通常译为“就在此时”)
再如：I was watching TV when somebody knocked at the door.
我正在看电视，这是有人敲门。
Edison asked his father why he was not able to hatch chicken while hen could．
爱迪生问他父亲，为什么他不能孵小鸡，而母鸡却能。
2、试看before的三中的翻译法：
We passed through several villages before we got to the station．
我们走过好几个村庄，才到达达火车站。
Before I could get in a word，he had measured me．
我还没来得及插句嘴，他就给我量好了尺寸。
In some places，little is done to make the smoke clean before it goes into the air．
在有些地方，几乎没采取什么措施使烟尘净化，就把它排到空气中去了。
3、until(till)是“直到……”的意思，它所引导的时间状语从句表示一段延续时间，所以主句谓语动词也必须是延续性动词，主句用肯定式或否定式都可以。如：
They thought their bodies would be kept in those tombs until they came back to life．
他们原来认为他们的躯体在那些坟墓里将会保存到复活。
I won’t believe you until I’ve seen you in the jar with my own eyes．
直到我亲眼看见你钴进坛子，我才相信。
“not．．．until”的意思是“直到……才”
Dr．Bethune and other doctors didn’t leave until the operation was over．
直到手术结束，白求恩大夫和其他大夫才离开。(1eave是非延续性动词)
They are not going back to work until they get it．
他们不达目的是不会复工的。
4、as soon as，no sooner…than，hardly…when都表示“一……就”，表示主句的动作紧接着从句的动作发生。如：
As soon as the bell rang for the break，the door opened and in came Mr. Smith．
下课铃一响，门开了，史密斯先生走进来。
No sooner had I fallen asleep than I suddenly heard someone knocking at the door.
我刚睡着，就突然听到有人在敲门。
Hardly had I sat down when the telephone rang．
(=I had hardly sat down when the telephone rang)我刚坐下，电话就响了。
5、every time, each time，the moment等名词性短语也可引导时间状语从句。
Every time we meet in the street，we always say“Hello”to each other．
每当我们在街上相遇时，我们总是相互问好。
The moment I reached home，it started raining．我到家时，天开始下雨。
二、地点状语从句
引导的地点状语从句的从属连词有：where和wherever
Where there is too much，the waste may do great harm to the things around us.
在那些废物太多的地方，这些废物就会太大损害我们周围的东西。
We should live where there is fresh air around us．
我们应该住在有新鲜空气的地方。
We young people will go wherever the people need us．
人民需要我们青年人到哪里，我们就到哪里去。
三、原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because(因为)，since(既然)，now that(既然、由于)，as(由于)等。
1、because所表示的原因有强烈的因果关系。从句放在主句后(当强调原因时，也可放在主句前)。because用来回答why提出的问题。
She is absent today because she is i11．今天她缺席是因为她病了。
The basketball match was put off because it rained．因为下雨，篮球赛延期了。
—Why didn’t you come to the party yesterday?
—昨天你为什么不来参加舞会?
—Because I attended an important meeting·
—因为我参加了一个重要会议。
because引导的从句可以带修饰语just，only，也可用于强调句或not…but并列结结构，但since，as则不能。
The officer punished the girl just／only because he wanted to teach her a lesson．
这位官员惩罚这个男孩仅仅因为他想给她一个教训。
The girl learned to play the piano not because she wanted to play the piano but because her parents forced her to．
这个女孩学弹钢琴不是因为她想弹而是因为她父母强迫的。
It was because he lost it that he found it more valuable than ever．
就是因为他失去了它，他才发现它比以前更珍贵。
2、since所表示的原因是稍加分析后而推断出来的原因，意思是“既然”。
Since everyone is for it, we’ll adopt the plan．既然大家都同意，这个计划就通过了。
3、now that, as引导原因状语从句所表示的原因往往比较明显，为大家所共知的理由。
Now that you are in the senior middle school，you’11 probably spend more time in reading. 既然你上了高中，可能在阅读上就要花更多的时间。
As it is raining now，we won’t have to go home until rain stops．
由于天在下雨，我们就不得不等雨停了再回家。
注意：1、for常用来表示原因，但for是并列连词，它连接两个并列分句，不能把for连接的分句放在句首。for表示的原因只是一种补充说明。for前一般有逗号。
The six blind men had often heard of elephants，but they had never seen one, for they were blind, how could they? 那六个瞎子常听说大象，但是从没有看到过，因为他们是盲人，怎么可能看见呢？
The days are short，for it is now December．白天短了，因为现在是十二月份。
The day breaks, for the birds are singing. 天亮了，鸟儿都叫了。
2、汉语中常说“因为……所以”，而英语中的because与so不能连用。
He didn’t come because he was ill．=He was ill so he didn’t come．
四、目的状语从句
有引导词so…that(以便)，so that(以便)， in order that (以便)等，目的状语
从句表示说话时尚未实现的目的，往往用虚拟语气，多用情态动词may，might，can, could, would, should等。
I stepped aside so that she might(could)go in．我站在一边，好让她进去。
I spoke so slowly and clearly so that the old man could understand me．
我说话又慢又清楚，以便让那位老人听懂我的话。
Let’go by bike in order that we may get to school in time．
我们骑自行车上学，以便及时到校。
注意：除in order that+从句可放主句前外，其他目的状语从句通常放在主句后面。
五、结果状语从句
结果状语从句，表示主句发生的结果。引导结果状语从句的引导词有so that(结果)，so．．．that(如此……以致于)，that(结果)，such．．．that(如此…以致于)等。
she didn’t catch the first bus this morning that she was late for schoo1．
今天早晨她没赶上头班公共汽车，(结果)上课迟到了。
The rose is so beautiful that everyone wants to have a look at it．
玫瑰花很漂亮，大家都想看一看。
Marx made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper．
马克思取得进步很快，不久他就开始用英语为一家美国报纸写文章。
There are such beautiful flowers in our school-yard that the students always want to take a 1ook at them after class．
校园里有许多漂亮的花，(以致)课后学生都想看一看。
It was such a warm day that we went swimming in the sea．
天气那么暖和，我们到海里游泳去了。
It is so good an exhibition that we have seen it several times．
展览会很好，我们已参观好几次了。
注意：以上例句可以归纳成下列句式：
so+形容词(副词)+that从句
so+形容词+a+可数名词单数+that从句
such+ a+形容词+可数名词单数+that从句
such+形容词+可数名词复数+that从句
such+形容词+不可数名词+that从句
such是形容词，用来修饰名词；so是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词。
such a+形容词+可数名词单数+that从句，可以和so+形容词+a+可数名词单数+that从句互换。如：
It is such a fine day today that we want to go for an outing．(=It is so fine a day today that we want to go for an outing．)今天天气这么好，我们想去郊游。
简记：so fine a day =such a fine day
但名词被many或much，little和few修饰时，要用副词so修饰。即so manymuchfewlittle(作为“少”的意思)+名词。如：
Bill had so many falls that he got black and blue all over．
贝尔跌了这么多跤，全身摔得青一块紫一块。
There is so much water in the pond that the children can swim in it．
池子里有很多水, 孩子们能在里面游泳。
She got so little education that she could hardly do a simple math problem
她受的教育如此少结果她几乎不会做简单的数学问题。
但是当little为“小”的意思时，则要用such…that。
They were such little children that they couldn’t dress themselves．
他们是如此小的孩子结果他们不会自己穿衣服。
这一特殊现象可以简记为：
so many(few)+可数名词复数+that从句
so much(1ittle “少”)+不可数名词+that从句
注意：so that既能引导目的状语从句，又能引导结果状语从句，其主要区别：目的状语从句表示尚未实现的目的，从句中须用表示将来概念的情态动词；结果状语从句表示已成为事实的结果，不需要使用情态动词。另外结果状语从句可以和主句用逗号隔开。
I turned the radio up so that everyone might hear the important news．
我把收音机的声音放大，以便大家都能听到这条重要新闻。(表目的)
I turned the radio up so that everyone heard the important news．
我们把收音机的声音放大，结果大家都听到了这条重要新闻。(表结果)
I wrote as clearly as possible so that I might get high marks．
我尽力写清楚是为了我或许能得高分。(表目的)
I wrote as clearly as possible，so that I got high marks．
我尽力写清楚，结果我得了高分。(表结果)
He got up early yesterday so that he could catch the early bus．
他昨天早起是为了能够赶上早班车。
He got up early yesterday，so that he caught the early bus．
他昨天早起，结果赶上了早班车。
六、比较(方式)状语从句
方式状语从句表示主句动作的方式。有引导词as(正如)，as if(though)(仿佛、好象)，than(比)，as．．．as(和……一样)，not so．．．as(和……不一样)等。
Zhang Hua is much taller than any other boy in his class．
张华比他班上任何别的男孩都高。
Our classroom is as bright as yours，but it isn’t so bright as theirs．
我们的教室和你们的一样明亮，但不如他们的明亮。
You don’t study so hard as I have expected．你学习没有我期望的那样努力。
All plants need air as they need water．
所有植物都需要空气，正如它们需要水一样。
Air is to man as water is to fish．空气对于人，犹如水对于鱼一样。
He speaks English as though／as if he were an Englishman．
他讲英语好像是个英国人一样。
as if引导的从句常需虚拟语气，但说的事与事实相符时则用陈述语气。如：
He walks as if he is ill. (是事实，陈述语气)
他走路的样子好像在生病一样。
He walks as if he were ill (很可能不是事实，虚拟语气)
七、让步状语从句
让步状语从句引导词有以下几种：
1、although／though(虽然)even if／even though(尽管，即使)
Although she lacks experience，(yet)she is ready to do the job．
虽然她缺乏经验，她还足愿意做这份工作。
Though／Although he drinks a lot，(yet)he is in good health．
尽管他喝酒喝得很多，但他身体却很好。
He won’t let out the secret even if he knows it．
即使他知道这个秘密，也不会泄露出去。
2、as(虽然)引导的让步状语从句，从句常用倒装句结构。即名词(单数可数名词不加冠词)
形容词副词动词 + as+ 主语 +……
Short as she was, she played the best in her team．(=Although she was short, she played …) 虽然她个子矮小，但她在队里打球打得最好。
Student of English as he is，he can’t understand the English film．
(=Although he is a student of English, he can’t ……)
虽然他是英语系的学生，但他也看不懂这部英语电影。
Much as we tried，we failed to get the expected result．
(=Although we tried very much，we failed ……)
虽然我们尽力了，但也没能达到预期的效果。
注：though引导让步状语从句时既可用正常句，也可以像as一样用倒装句。
Though／Although she was a child，she had to help support the family．
虽然她还小，(但)不得不帮着供养家庭。
=(Child as／though she was，she had to help support the family．)
3、whatever(不管什么)、however(不管怎样)、whoever(不管谁)、wherever，(不管在哪儿)、whenever(不管什么时候)引导的让步状语从句。
这些词引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter+ 疑问词
Whatever(No matter what，)he may say，I won’t change my mind．
无论他怎么说，我都不会改变主意。
Whoever(No matter who)calls，tell him I am out．
无论谁打电话来，告诉他我出去了。
However(No matter how)busy he was，he would watch TV sports news every night．不管他多忙，他每天晚上都会看体育新闻。
Wherever(No matter where)you(may)go，I’ll be with you．
无论你到哪里，我都要与你在一起。
(Wherever引导地点状语从句时，侧重陈述事件及发生的地方；引导让步状语从句时，不是陈述事实，而是侧重于假设条件)
Whenever(No matter when，)I need his help，he will come immediately．
无论我什么时候需要他的帮忙，他都会马上来。
4、whether…or…=no matter whether…or(不管……还是)引导的让步状语从句。
Whether you go there by sea or by air，you will enjoy your trip.
不管你是坐船去那儿还是坐飞机去那儿．你都会旅途愉快。
Whether you come in winter or in summer，you’ll find it is a nice place to live in．无论你是冬天来还是夏天来，你都会发现这是一个生活不错的地方。
八、条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的引导词有：if(如果)，unless(=if not)(除非，要不)，as(so) long as(只要……就)，once（一旦），in case(万一)等。
We’ll go to the cinema together if he is back soon．
如果他很快就回来，我们将一块去看电影。
You’ll fail in the exam unless you work hard at your lessons．(=You will fail in the exam if you don’t work hard at your lessons．)
你考试会不及格的，除非你努力学习。(如果你不努力学习，你考试会不及格的。)
If I don’t ride my bike to school， I’ll be late for class．(I’ll be late for class unless I ride my bike to schoo1．)
如果我不骑自行车上学，我上课就迟到了(我上课要迟到了，除非我骑自行车上学。)
You may use my bike as／so long as you return it before Friday．
只要你星期五之前把车还回来，你说可以用它。
Once you taste the noodle，you will never forget their delicious flavor．
一旦你尝了这种面条，你永远忘不了它的美味。
In case it rains，the path up the hill will be slippery．
万一下雨，上山的道路就会很滑。
As long as you help her，she’ll be able to pass the exam．
只要你帮她的忙，她就能考试及格。
I'll ring you up，in case she doesn’t come back．
万一她不回来，我给你打电话。
思考题
1．举例说明when，while，as引导时间状语从句的异同。
2．说明because，as，since引导原因状语从句的区别。
3．so…that．so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句，怎么区别?并举例说明。
4．so…that和such…that两种句型用法上有何不同?
5．当many, much，few和little(少)修饰名词时，在many，much，few，little前用so还是用such?
练习题
单项选择
低档题
1．Mary wondered _____ Mr. Black had told her father about that．
A．who B．whether C．which D．that
2．He didn’t go home ______ he finished the work．
A．because B．if C．until D．since
3．Mr. White teaches English so well ______ his lessons are not easily forgotten．
A．Which B．that C．when D．whether
4．He speaks ______ English ______ French．
A．not，and B．not only，but also
C．only，also D．either, nor
5．We shall not go there _______it rains tomorrow.
A．when B．as soon as C．if D．and
6．You can go to bed _______ you take the medicine．
A．before B．after C．until D．since
7．Could you tell me _______ we will have the meeting this afternoon．
A．that B．whom C．what D．why
8．I asked him ______ we could get to the hospital and he said“on foot”．
A．when B．how C．where D．whether
9．We did _____ Mr. Hu told us and we won the first place in the league at last．
A．though B．1ike C．as D．while
10．Mr. Brown asked ______ she was doing that．
A．why B．whom C．that D．after
11．The film had begun ______ we got to the cinema．
A．when B．since C．though D. after
12．What do I have to do ______I want to be thinner?
A．because B．while C．if D．how
13．The bus driver didn’t see the motorbike ______ he hit it．
A．when B．until C．if D．after
14．I was drawing a nice bird _______ suddenly the window near my desk was broken into pieces．
A．while B．as soon as C．when D．after
15．You can not open the door ______ you find the key．
A．when B．after C．unless D．if
16．Could you look after my door for me ______ I’ m away?
A．but B．because C．as soon as D．while
17. I know ______it took you to finish drawing the picture．
A．how old B．how many C．how long D．how much
18．I’m doing nothing ______ I fell and hurt my leg last week．
A．when B．why C．if D．because
19．You must finish your homework ______you go to bed．
A．after B．before C．when D．and
20．This coat will lose its color _______ it’s washed．
A．until B．before C．after D．since
中档题
1．Money is important ______it’s not the most important thing．
A．and B．but C．or D．so
2．The whole world is fighting against the H1 N1, a disease ______ has caused many deaths．
A．who B．which C．whom D．what
3．We have to get up at 7:15 tomorrow morning，______we will be late for the 7:40 train．
A．before B．or C．if D．so
4．一Could you tell me ______ ? He is wanted by the head teacher．
一Sorry，I've no idea．But he ______ here just now．
A．where Tim was；was B．where is Tim；is
C．where Tim is；was D．where Tim is；is
5．My grandfather is very old，______ he never stops learning．
A．than B．though C．but D．unless
6．______, she played the best in her team.
A．Short as was she B．As short she was
C．As was she short D．Short as she was
7. I wrote as clearly as possible, _____ I got high marks.
A．until B．so that C．when D．as if
8．一Where was your brother at this time last night?
一He was writing an e-mail ______I was watching TV at home．
A．as soon as B．after C．until D．while
9．I’ll park the car at Pacific Place，______the car park there is full．
A．unless B．if C．when D．after
10．These story books for children are awfully written．They are ______interesting _______ exciting．
A．either；or B．neither；nor
C．both；and D．not only；but also
11．______ they arrived early at the airport，they nearly missed their flight．
A．If B．Because C．As soon as D．Although
12．---I’m a teenager’s mother．Sometimes I don’t know _______．
--- Love and understanding．
A. what my son needs most
B. what does my son want to get
C. when my son gets annoyed very often
D. where my son gets to
13．一The duty of Project Hope is to help poor children，isn’t it?
—Yes，it has built many schools ______ those children can study happily．
A．where B．when C．which D. that
14．He’ll send us a message as soon as he ______in Sichuan．
A．is arriving B．will arrive C arrived D．arrives
15．I ______ the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow．
A．will return B．returned C．have returned D．return
16．This is ______ I wanted．
A．the one what B．which C．one which D．the one
l 7． 一I wonder ______without water．
—About a week．
A．how long man can live B．how long can man live
C．when man can live D．when can man live
18．We have been good friends ______we joined the same ping-pong team．
A．after B．before C．since D．until
19． 一I hear a new film is on these days．Shall we go to the cinema together，Lucy and Lily?
一______ Lily ______I will go with you because one of us must be at home to help our father in the garden．
A．Either；nor B．Either；or C．Neither；nor D．Both；and
20．Bill，______ yon have finished your homework，let’s go to fly kites now．
A．though B．after C．before D．since
高档题
1．If you smoke in a non-smoking section people ______.
A．have objected B．objected C．must objected D．will object
2．A man escaped from the prison last night．It was a long time ______the guards discovered what had happened．
A. before B．until C．since D．when
3．Government cannot operate effectively ______it is free from such interference（干涉）.
A. so long as B．so that C．unless D．because
4．I’ll accept any job ______I don’t have to get up early.
A．1est B．as long as C．in case D. though
5. The computer has brought about surprising technological changes ______we organize and produce information．
A．in a way B. in the way C. in that way D. in no way
6．Not that John doesn’t want to help you，______it’s beyond his power.
A. but that B．for that C．and that D．in that
7． ______ they reached the center of the city，they stopped the car at a bar．
A. Before a mile or so when B．For a mile or so after
C．Further than a mile or so D．A mile or so before
8． _____ quite recently，most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home．
A. Before B．Until C. From D. Since
9. Scientists say it may be five or ten years ______it is possible to test this medicine on human patients．
A. since B．before C．after D. when
10．Liquids are like solids ______ they have a definite volume.
A. in that B．for that C．with that D. at that
11．Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _______ directed.
A．1ike B. so C．which D．as
12. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, ______ something occurred which attracted my attention.
A. unless B．until C. when D. while
13. I’ve already told you that I’m going to buy it，______．
A .however much it costs B．however does it costs much
C. how much does it cost D．no matter how it costs
14．Melted iron is poured into the mixer much ______ tea is poured into a cup from a teacup.
A. in the same way like B. in the same way which
C. in the same way D. in the same way as
15. You see the lighting _______it happens，but you hear the thunder later.
A. the instant B. for an instant
C .on the instant D. in an instant
16．I had just started back for the house to change my clothes ______I heard voices.
A．as． B. when C．after D．while
17. 一John seems a nice person．______I don’t trust him．
A. Even though B. Even so C．Therefore D. Though
18. ______ that my head had cleared，my brain was also beginning to work much better.
A. For B．Now C．Since D．Despite
19. _______ he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.
A. As soon as B. As well as C. So far as D．So long as
20. I’m sure he is up to the job _______ he would give his mind to it．
A. if only B．in case C．until D．unless
第七节 重点关连词用法归纳
前面我们讲了什么是名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句及其各自的作用，三种从句都涉及到关联词的用法，下面我们反过来，从关联词用法的角度，即如何选用关联词-----做题的角度来归纳一下重点关联词的用法。
一、as 的用法
1. As 连词：引导时间、原因、让步、比较、方式状语从句
As time went on, he grew more and more impatient.(时间状语从句)
As he is not well, I’ll go myself. (原因状语从句)
Like the book as he does, he won’t buy it. (让步状语从句)
Your camera is as expensive as hers. (比较状语从句)
Do as the Romans do when you are in Roman. (方式状语从句)
2. As 关系代词 ：引导定语从句,在从句中做主语和宾语。
I have the same book as you bought just now.
比较：this is the same book that I used yesterday.
She is such a good student as we all like.
= She is so good a student as we all like.
二、what的用法
引导名词性从句（主语、宾语、表语从句等），在从句中做主语、宾语、表语、定语。（what不能引导定语从句和状语从句）
What could be done has been done.
At last, they reached what they thought was the place they had been dreaming for.
After what seemed like hours, he came out with a bitter smile.
I don’t know what book the children can read.
比较：-- Here are five books, which one do you want?
-- I don’t know which one I want.
I have no idea what he did.（同位语从句）
as,what 用法练习
1. I’m at least _____ age _____Robert if I’m not older than he.
A. the same ; as B. the same ; with C. as same as D. as same ; as
2 .______, I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John.
A． Much as I have traveled B. As I have traveled
C. As much I have traveled D. As I much have traveled
3. Jinan is no longer the same city _______it used to be.
A．as B. what C. that D. which
4. Jinan is no longer _______it used to be.
A．as B. what C. that D. which
5. This problem was of _____ importance ____ we could not afford to take no notice of.
A．so; that B. such; that C. so ; so D. such; as
6. Mr. Smith has not yet answered my question ____ I can go with him.
A. that B. that C. whether D. whether
7. The patient looks much better .______is it that has made him _____he is today?
A．What ; that B. What ; what C. that ; that D. that ; which
8. There are ten pens here, ______ one do you want?
A．which B. what C. whose D. that
9. Zhang Ziyi is a famous actress, _______I should also like to be.
A．what B. who C. which D. that
10. This photo of mine was taken ______ stood the famous Eastern Bright Pearl in Shanghai.
A．what B. which C. where D. the place where
三、 since = now (that）的用法
1、 “既然”，多用来表示已知或稍加分析即可表明的原因。多用于句首。
Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.
2、“自从…以来”，引导时间状语从句，表示延续到现在的动作。从句谓语
一般用一般过去时，主句谓语常用现在完成时。
I have been looking forward to seeing you again since I last saw you.
Since the first case was discovered in 1981, nearly 24 million people have died
of AIDS.
常用句型：It is / has been / seems + 一段时间 + since……
It seems a long time since I met you last.
It is / has been two years since I returned from America．
特别提醒: 当从句谓语是短暂性动词时，通常译为“从……起已经（多长时
间了）”
当从句谓语是延续性动词时，则表示该动作“终止已经（多长时
间了）”
It’s been years since I enjoyed myself so much.
我已经许多年没有这样痛快了。
It is three years since he joined the army. 他参军已经三年了。
四、 until / till的用法
1、 用在肯定句中，“直到…为止”，表示某一个动作一直持续到until/till……
所表示的时间为止。此时，主句谓语必须是延续性动词。
He waited until/till I returned.
2、用在否定句中，“直到……才”,表示某一动作直到until…所表示的时间才
发生。此时，主句谓语必须是短暂性动词。
As a matter of fact, I did not begin work until he had gone.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
特别提醒: ① 在until/till从句中，往往用一般现在时和现在完成时表示将来。无论是用在肯定句中，还是用在否定句中，不可以使用将来时。
② 在倒装句型和强调句型中只能用until。
Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.
It was not until she took off her glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
五、before的用法
1、before在引导时间状语从句时的基本意思是“在……之前”。有时before
引导的从之前，可以有自己的状语。
The day before he left home, he gave the whole house a thorough cleaning.
2、 before重点句型：
It was not long before… （过去）没过多久就……
It was long before… 过了很久才……
It will not be long before… 要不了多久就……
It will be long before… 要过很久才……
特别提醒: long这个抽象的时间也可改为years, weeks, two years, two weeks 等具体表时间的词。
It was about a year before he married Fang.
It will be several months before everything returns to normal.
It was not long before he returned to Beijing.
It seemed seconds before he woke up. 似乎才过了几秒钟他就醒了。
3、before 的汉译
before的译法非常灵活，应结合具体情况机动处理。常见的意思有：……
（肯定句）；……就（否定句）；还未来得及；趁……；不知不觉……
I hadn’t waited long before he came. 我没等多久，他就来了。
After that it still took seven years before they finally got married.
他们又过了7年才结婚。
You should do it before it is too late. 趁现在还不算太晚，你应该赶快做。
He hung up before I could answer the phone. 我还没来得及接电话，他就挂了。
The summer holiday came to an end before I knew it. 不知不觉暑假就过去了。
since = now (that），until / till，before的用法练习
1. ---How long do you think it will be _____ China sends a manned spaceship to the moon?
---Perhaps two or three years.
A. when B. until C. that D. before
2. Not until the game had begun _____ at the sports ground.
A．had he arrived B. would he have arrived
C. did he arrive D. should he have arrived
3. Problems relating to people’s livelihood（民生）have been the focus of the
government, especially _____
Premier Wen Jiabao included them in his government work report last year.
A．when B. if C. since D. until
4. ---Why didn’t you try your best to stop him from doing so?
---I tried to , but _____ I could, the policemen turned up.
A．until B. when C. while D. after
5. Our English teacher has ways to hold our attention _____ he reaches the end
of his lesson.
A．when B. unless C. after D. until
6. May I suggest that you consider the matter further _____ you take any action?
A．as if B. unless C. although D. before
7. _____ sharks are heavier than water, they must swim continuously or they will
sink to the bottom.
A．Since B. Although C. When D. Even
8. It ____ long before we _____ the result of the experiment.
A．will not be; will know B. is; will know
C. will not be; know D. is; know
9. It was not until midnight that _____ to bed.
A．he went B. did he go C. had he gone D. he had gone
10. Scientists say it may be five or six years _____ it is possible to test this
medicine on human patients.
A．since B. after C. before D. when
六、that的用法
1、用作关系代词,引导限制性定语从句,可以指人或物,可以代替who, whom, which.
This is the best article that has been written on the subject.
The letter (that/which) I received yesterday was from my brother.
2、 用作连词,在谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、分词、动名词之后引导宾语从句,
常常可以省略.在某些形容词(如sure, clear, certain等)之后,也可以由that 引导宾语从句.如:
They said (that) they could do it ahead of schedule.
We are glad that so many old friends will attend our tea party.
注意：1）当and 连接两个或更多的宾语从句时,that 往往不可以省略.如:
He told me that he had finished his homework and that he would go to the cinema tonight.
2）当宾语从句比较长时,往往可以用it 作形式宾语.如:
We make it clear that he is very honest.
3、用作连词,引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,在句中不作任何成分,只起连接作用但一般不能省略.如:
That he did it himself made us very happy.
The trouble is that you couldn’t come.
I had no idea that he had gone abroad.
注意：当主语从句比较长时,往往可以用it 代替它作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置后,以达到平衡句子的目的.如:
It’s a pity that you didn’t attend the interesting party.
4、在in order that...,so that ...，so...that, such...that中引导目的、结果状语从句。如:
He raised his voice in order that all students in the hall could hear him clearly.
It’s such a fine day that we all go swimming.
＝It’s so fine a day that we all go swimming.
5、用于强调结构中,构成强调句型.如:
It was after talking for half an hour that the old man mentioned the name of Kunta Kinte.
It was my ancestor that I decided to find out about.
七、which的用法
用作关系代词，引导限制性和非限制性定语从句
She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.
The tool with which he is working is called a hammer.
which引导定语从句时与as的区别
1)as所引导的从句既可以放在句首，也可放在句末，而which所引导的从句只可以放在句末。
2)as用来引导定语从句，全句的重心在主句，常译成“正如…一样”；而which引导定语从句，全句的重心在从句，常译成“这一点…”例如：
As we know, he is an honest man．
正如我们所知，他是个诚实的人。(强调他是个诚实的人)
He is an honest man，which we know．
他是个诚实的人，这一点我们都知道。(强调我们都知道这件事)
that,which的用法练习
1. It was not until midnight they reached the camp site.
A．that B．when C．while D．as
2. People in Chongqing are proud of they have achieved in the past ten years.
A．that B．which C．what D．how
3. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from_______ their parents speak at home.
A．what B．that C．which D．one
4. The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from
spoken in England .
A．which B．what C．that D．the one
5. It was the four years from 2004-2007, _____I spent studying for a master’s degree, _____I will never forget.
A． when; that B. when; when C. that; that D. which; that
6. —Where did you get to know the professor over there?
—It was at the workshop ____we did research together two years ago.
A． that B. there C. which D. where
7. It was along the Mississippi River _______ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.
A．how B．which C．that D．where
8. Nancy enjoyed herself so much she visited her friends in Sydney last year.
A．that B．which C．when D．where
9. Mr. Smith has not yet answered my question ____I can go with him to _____he calls the Underground Treasure House next week .
A .that ; which B . that ; where
C . whether ; that D .whether ; what
10. A commercial advertisement is one _____ has been paid for to promote a product or a service.
A． where B. what C. when D. that
八、so与such的用法
1、so +be(助动词或情态动词)+主语，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或物，
The boy died and a week later, so did his sister.
I am an English teacher. So is my wife .
但若前面所提到的人或物是两个或两个以上的句子，并且其中既又肯定句，又有否定句；既含实意动词，又含系动词；主语既有表示人的，又有表示物的。这时应用“So it is (was) with”或”It is the same with”的句式。
Tom studies English well, but he isn't good at maths. So it is with Kate.
Wang Lin is a Chinese girl, and China is her homeland. So it is with me.
2、so + 主语 + 谓语动词，用来表示对上文的情况给予进一步的肯定 。
—It was cold yesterday.
—So it was.
—The students study hard.
—So they do .
3、主语+动词+so，这一结构译为“这样”
1) 主语+(does, did)do+ so
He said he would tell me the news, but he did not do so .
2)主语+hope (expect, think, believe, suppose, imagine, afraid)+so
—Do you think his will come ? —Yes ,I think so.
—Will it be fine tomorrow? —I hope so.
注意：在用这一结构来代替否定概念时 ，既可用so，亦可用not，在动词believe，expect，suppose，imagine，think，guess 等的肯定形式后加not与否定形式后加so，两者在意义上没有区别。但在hope，guess，be afraid 后代替否定概念时只能是not，而不能用so。
—Will you get the first prize?
—I'm afraid not.(不说I'm not afraid so.)
4、so + 形容词（副词）+that ,引导结果状语从句。
The book is so interesting that we all want to read it .
I was so busy that I had no time to write a letter .
运用这一结构时要注意，可把so +adj (adv)提到句首，形成部分倒装。
So excited was the boy that he couldn't speak .
注意以上结构与定语从句的区别。如：
This is such an interesting as everyone wants to see. (定语从句)
This is as interesting a film as everyone wants to see. (定语从句）
This is such an interesting film that everyone wants to see it.
This is so interesting a film that everyone wants to see it.
5、后接复数形式或不可数名词，无论有无修饰语都用such，但是名词之前有few，many，little（少），much修饰时，应用so。例如：
Such things often happen in our daily life.
Whales are such smart animals that they communicate with each other.
Did you ever see such weather?
He made such rapid progress that he soon began to write articles in English
It is very surprising that such little animals can eat so much food.
6、such 有时充当形容词，意思是“这（那）样的”。有时和all、some、other、another、one、no、many、any、few、several等词同时修饰一个名词，但它的位置通常是放在这些词的后面，例如：
I have never seen such a beautiful place before.
I have met many such people in my life.
One such dictionary is enough for me.
We have had several such Chinese paintings already.
No such thing has ever happened.
so与such练习
1. This is ________ that we all think it’s very important.
A．such useful information B. so useful an information
C. so useful information D. such a useful information
2. Such ____ the case, there were no grounds to justify your complaints.
A．is B. was C. to be D. being
3. I have never seen ________match before.
A．so an interesting B. a so interesting
C. a such interesting D. such an interesting
4. My command(掌握) of English is ____ as yours.
A．half not so good B. not half so good
C. not so good half D. not so half good
5. Never before ____ people in the United States been interested in soccer.
A．has so many B. were so many C. have so many D. will so many
6. Such a device ______ he was given proved almost worthless.
A．what B. like C. that D. as
7. _____ homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest .
A．So much B. Too much C. Too little D. So little
8. _____ of the young man who spent ten years in America．
A．Such was the life B. Were such the life
C. The life was such D. Such were the life
9. — Will you go shopping tonight?
— If you go, ______.
A．so do I B. so will I C. so I go D. that I’ll go
10. ___John likes walking in the open air.
-—______.
A．So do I B. Also do I C. I like also D. So I do
11. —I watched the TV program last night.
—______.
A．So I do B. So I did C. So did I D. So do I
12. —She likes Chinese tea with nothing in it.
—______.
A．So she does B. So does she C. She does so D. So is it
13. He is ____ a clever young man ____ he can speak about ten foreign languages.
A．so…that B. such…that C. so a…for D. such…so
14. —— If John doesn’t come to work on time, he may be fired.
—— Surely he isn’t so foolish ______ not to realize that.
A．that B. and C. as D. but
15. He is not _____ a fool _____.
A．such, as he is looked B. so, that he looks
C. as, that he is looked D. such, as he looks
九、whether, if 的用法
1、在名词性从句中的运用：
1）引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，只用whether
Whether she will be invited hasn’t been decided. （主从）
The question whether he will be the monitor has not been discussed yet. （同位语）
The question is whether we can catch the early bus in time. （表从）
2）引导宾语从句时，whether 和if 皆可。
I don’t know whether /if he will attend the meeting.
3）与or 或 or not 连用, 只用whether
I don’t know whether he will come or not.
4）后接动词不定式时，只用whether
He hasn’t decided whether to visit the old man.
5）用if 会引起歧义时，最好用whether
Please let me know if you like the book.
可理解为：→please let me know whether you like the book.
请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。
→If you like the book, please let me know .
如果你喜欢这本书，请告诉我。
2、doubt用于肯定句，用whether/if 引导，用于否定句，用that引导。
be sure 用于肯定句，用that 引导， 用于否定句，用whether/if引导
I doubt ________ you can win the game.
I am not sure _____ he has gone to ji’nan.
3、If 还有“如果”的含义，引导条件状语从句。
1）She will die if the doctor doesn’t operate immediately.
此时注意条件句的时态,用现在时表示将来。
2）注意if 和unless的差异。
Don’t come unless I call you.
We will go out for a picnic __________ it rains.
We will not go out for a picnic _______ it rains.
此时注意unless 的翻译“如果不…的话”，“除非…,否则…”
3）If 引导条件状语从句时，在意思明确时有些词可以省略。
If (it is) necessary, I will go to attend the meeting.
I think he will come if( he is) asked.
whether, if 的用法练习
1. _____ the prisoner escaped is a mystery, since the prison is closely guarded all the time.
A． That B. How C. Whether D. What
2. It is unlikely ____ another hurricane will strike the area this year.
A． when B. if C. whether D. that
3. I am wondering _____ for another hour or just leave.
A. whether to stay B. where to stay C. if to stay D. why to stay
4. It worried me a lot ____ I would pass the exam.
A． whether B. if C. that D. when
5. I don't doubt ________ he'll come.
A． that B. if C. what D. whether
6. I have no idea ________ or not he has finished the work.
A． if B. that C. whether D. which
7. They discussed _______ they could settle the problem without others' help.
A． where B. that C. what D. whether
8. It's uncertain ________ the experiment is worth doing.
A． if B. that C. when D. how
9. .____ you don't like him is none of my business.
A． What B. Who C. That D. Whether
10. ____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A． If B. Whether C. That D. Where
11. ._______you come or not is up to you.
A． What B. If C. Why D. Whether
12. ________ you have seen things like these before doesn't matter.
A． If B. Whether C. What D. When
13. She took it for granted ________ I'd be back home an hour ago.
A． that B. whether C. if D. when
14. Now there is a danger _____ the ground may fall in (沉下) under the heavy traffic.
A． whether B. if C. where D. that
15. At that time I had no idea ________ I could hand it to him without being seen.
A． if B. how C. which D. that how
十、when, where的用法
（一）、when的用法
1、用作从属连词, 引导时间状语从句 ，表示“当……的时候”，相当于at the time that。从句的动作可以早于主句的动作，而while 和as不可以。它引导的时间状语从句常用一般现在时表示一般将来时；用一般过去时表示过去将来时；用现在完成时表示将来完成时。
When water becomes solid, we call it ice .
当水变成固体的时候，我们就叫它冰。
Don’t be afraid of asking for help when it is needed.
当你需要帮助的时候，不要害怕请求帮助。
注意：欣赏下列几组句子翻译的灵活性。
Why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already?
既然你已经有了这么好的职业，为 什么还想找一个新的差使？
It’s foolish to take a taxi when you can easily walk to the station.
既然你能够很容易走到车站，乘出租车真是犯傻。
You’ll make more progress when you study hard.
只要你努力学习，就一定能取得更大的进步。
Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.
如果机器发生故障，就把电闸关掉。
Come when you are ready .要是你准备好了，就来吧。
He came to help us when he had plenty of work to do.
尽管他有许多事情要做，却还是来帮我们的忙。
He stopped trying when he might have succeeded next time.
虽然再试一次可能成功，可是他放弃了努力。
2、用作并列连词，意为“在那时，届时”，表示时间。这时主句中可以用过去完成时，过去进行时或“was/were about to do sth.”结构。例如：
He was about to tell me the secret when someone patted him on the shoulder.
他正要把秘密告诉我，这是突然有人轻轻拍 了一下他的肩膀。
I was cooking in the kitchen when someone knocked at the door.
我正在厨房做饭突然有人敲门。
3、作连接副词，引导名词性从句，意思是“什么时候”“何时”。例如：
I don’t know when he left .我不知道他是什么时候离开。
4、作关系副词，引导定语从句，且在从句中充当时间状语。
The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
这部电影使我想起我在那个遥远村子受到很好的照料的时光
(二)、where 用法归纳
1、where用作从属连词，引导地点状语从句
Where there is water , there is life. 哪里有水，哪里就有生命。
The plant will grow well where there is enough rain.
这种植物在雨水充足的地方长得会很好。
2、where用作连接副词, 引导名词性从句：
1）主语从句。例如：Where the president will give the speech has not been decided yet. 总统将在哪发表讲话还没决定。
2）表语从句。例如：It is your fault that she is where she is.
她处于现在的境地完全是你的过失。
3）同位语从句。例如：We have no idea where the boy has gone.
我们不知道那男孩去哪儿了。
4）宾语从句。例如：None of us knows where he is from.
我们没一个人知道他来自何方。You should find out where your interest lies.
你应当弄清你的兴趣所在
3、where 可以用作关系副词来引导定语从句，此时可用介词 + which替换。
The factory where（in which） his father works is in the west of the city.
他父亲工作的那个工厂在城西。
The process of curing a disease is like a war where （in which）different soldiers fight against an enemy.
治疗疾病的过程就像在一场战争中不同士兵跟一个敌人作战一样。
当先行词是case，point， situation，position,book等抽象名词表示地点时，关系副词用where
There are a few points where I disagree with you。
He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control of the plane.
This is the book where you can find the answer.
when, where的用法练习
1. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, _____ it was poorly equipped.
A．what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that
2．—Did Jack come back early last night?
—Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock_______ he arrived home.
A．before B. when C. that D. until
3. There was _______ time _______ I hated to go to school .
A．a; that B．a; when C．the; that D．the ; when
4．Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.
A．when B. while C. since D. once
5．There were some chairs left over______ everyone had sat down.
A．when B. until C. that D. where
6. You’d better not leave the medicine_______ kids can get it.
A．even if B. which C. where D. so that
7. I used to love that film______ I was a child, but I don’t feel it that way any more.
A．once B. when C. since D. although
8. They enjoyed themselves so much____ they visited the park in London last year.
A．that B. which C. when D. where
9．Is the hotel_____ you said we were to stay in your letter?
A．where B. which C. in that D. in which
10. ---Mom, what did your doctor say?
---He advised me to live____ the air is fresher.
A．in where B. in which C. the place D. where
11. If you are traveling_____ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do.
A．in which B. what C. when D. where
12. Was it 1995______ he began learning French?
A．when B. that C. which D. from which
13.---Don’t look down upon Bob. He has his own advantages.
---Oh, yes.______ others are weak, he is strong.
A．If B. Where C. Though D. When
14. Maybe, you can find your MP3_____ you lost it.
A．where B. when C. in which D. that
15. Recently a new supermarket has been put up ____ there was once a large field.
A．that B. where C. which D. when
十一、how, while 的用法
(一)、how的用法
how引导名词性从句有如下几种情况： 1、 表方式、方法，相当于the way in which。可译作“怎样、怎么”。例如：
I didn’t know how he came here.
2、表程度上的感叹，可译作“多么……、真……、这么……”等。例如：
He said how beautiful those flowers were.
He said how he regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields.
3、表对程度、数量、情况的疑问。例如：
She wondered how he loved her.
I have no idea how my mother is now.
4、用作连词，相当于the fact / situation / times... that, 可译作“……的样子”、“……的情形”、“……的情景” 、“……的经历”等。例如：
I still remember how I left my hometown for the first time.
I won’t forget how we lived together.
（二）、While的用法
引导时间状语从句，“与……同时，在……期间”，从句常用延续性动词或表示状态的动词
They rushed in while we were discussing problems.
在下列句子中有“as long as ”“只要”的意思。
There will be life while there is water and air.
how, while 的用法练习
1. My wife kept silent _____ I was writing.
A． as B. before C. while D. after
2. Somebody broke in ____ we went out.
A． when B. while C. as D. before
3. Father was cleaning the car _____I was playing computer games.
A． when B. while C. as D. before
4. _____ it’s raining , they’re still working in the field.
A． As B. Although C. When D. While
5. There will be class struggle ____ classes exist.
A． when B. until C. while D. as
6. The question is _____ we can persuade him to go?
A． where B. why C. how D. which
7. _____ puzzled the police especially was ____ the murdered died.
A． What; who B. That; why C. Which; when D. What; how
8. I have not found my bike yet; and now, I’m not sure ____ I should do with the case .
A． where B. whether C. what D. how
9. We were both traveling across Europe, and that’s _____ we first met.
A． when B. how C. why D. what
10. The police asked me ____ the accident happened.
A． how B. why C. while D. whether
附：高频词辨析（200）
1. clothes, cloth, clothing
clothes统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数， cloth指布，为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称，指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of
2. incident, accident
incident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故He was killed in the accident.
3. amount, number
amount后接不可数名词， number后接可数名词 a number of students
4. family, house, home
home 家，包括住处和家人，house房子，住宅，family家庭成员. My family is a happy one.
5. sound, voice, noise
sound自然界各种各样的声音，voice人的嗓音，noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
6. photo, picture, drawing
photo用照相机拍摄的照片，picture可指相片，图片，电影片，drawing画的画 Let's go and see a good picture.
7. vocabulary, word
vocabulary词汇，一个人拥有的单词量，word具体的单词He has a large vocabulary.
8. population, people
population人口，人数，people具体的人 China has a large population.
9. weather, climate
weather一天内具体的天气状况，climate长期的气候状况。
The climate here is not good for you.
10. road, street, path, way
road具体的公路，马路，street街道，path小路，小径，way道路，途径
take this road; in the street, show me the way to the museum.
11. course, subject
course课程（可包括多门科目），subject科目（具体的学科）a summer course
12. custom, habit
custom传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接to do， habit生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接of doing. I've got the habit of drinking a lot.
13. cause, reason
cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接of sth./doing sth，reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由，后接for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late
14. exercise, exercises, practice
exercise运动，锻炼（不可数），exercises练习（可数），practice（反复做的）练习
Practice makes perfect.
15. class, lesson
作"课"解时,两者可以替换.指课文用lesson. 指班级或全体学生用class. lesson 6; class 5
16. speech, talk, lecture
speech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，talk日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，lecture学术性的演讲，讲课 a series of lecture on…
17. officer, official
officer部队的军官，official政府官员 an army officer
18. work, job
二者均指工作。work不可数，job可数 a good job
19. couple, pair
couple主要指人或动物，pair多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
20. country, nation, state, land
country侧重指版图，疆域，nation指人民，国民，民族，state侧重指政府，政体，land国土，国家 The whole nation was sad at the news.
21. cook, cooker
cook厨师，cooker厨具 He is a good cook.
22. damage, damages
damage不可数名词, 损害，损失; damages复数形式, 赔偿金 $900 damages
23. police, policeman
police警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman 指某个具体的警察 The police are questioning everyone in the house.
24. problem, question
problem常和困难连系，前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise，question常和疑问连系，多和ask, answer连用
25. man, a man
man人类，a man一个男人 Man will conquer nature.
26. chick, chicken
二者均可指小鸡，chicken还可以当鸡肉 The chicken is delicious.
27. telegram, telegraph
当电报解时，telegram指具体的，telegraph指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph
28. trip, journey, travel, voyage
travel是最常用的，trip指短期的旅途，journey指稍长的旅途，voyage指海上航行a three-day trip
29. sport, game
sport多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等；game指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套规则 His favorite sport is swimming.
30. price, prize
price价格，prize奖，奖品，奖金 win the first prize The price is high/low.
31. a number of, the number of
a number of许多，谓语动词用复数。the number of…的数目，谓语动词用单数。The number of students is increasing.
32. in front of, in the front of
in front of范围外的前面，in the front of范围内的前面 In the front of the room sits a boy.
33. of the day, of a day
of the day每一天的，当时的，当代的， of a day暂时的，不长久的 a famous scientist of the day
34. three of us, the three of us
three of us我们（不止三个）中的三个，the three of us我们三个（就三个人）The three of us---Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema.
35. by bus, on the bus
by bus表手段，方式，不用冠词，on the bus表范围 They went there by bus.
36. for a moment, for the moment
for a moment 片刻，一会儿，for the moment暂时，一时 Thinking for a moment, he agreed.
37. next year, the next year
next year将来时间状语，the next year过去将来时间状语
He said he would go abroad the next year.
38. more than a year, more than one year
more than a year一年多，more than one year超过一年（两年或三年等）
39. take advice, take the(one's) advice
take advice征求意见，take the advice接受忠告 He refused to take the advice and failed again.
40. take air, take the air
take air传播，走漏，take the air到户外去，散步 We take the air every day.
41. in a word, in words
in a word总之，一句话， in words口头上 In a word, you are right.
42. in place of, in the place of
in place of代替，in the place of在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one.
43. in secret, in the secret
in secret秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语；in the secret知道内情，知道秘密，
一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
44. a girl, one girl
a girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box?
45. take a chair, take the chair
take a chair相当于sit down坐下，take the chair开始开会
46. go to sea, by sea, by the sea
go to sea当海员，出航，by sea乘船，由海路， by the sea在海边 go by sea
47. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacher
the doctor and teacher指一个人，既是医生又是老师，the doctor and the teacher两个人，一个医生和一个老师 the doctor and teacher is
48. in office, in the office
in office在职的，in the office在办公室里 He is in office, not out of office.
49. in bed, on the bed
in bed卧在床上，on the bed在床上 The book is on the bed. He is ill in bed.
50. in charge of, in the charge of
in charge of管理，负责照料， in the charge of由……照料 He is in charge of the matter. The matter is in the charge of her.
51. in class, in the class
in class在课上，in the class在班级里 He is the best student in the class.
52. on fire, on the fire
on fire着火,on the fire在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.
53. out of question, out of the question
out of question毫无疑问的，out of the question不可能的
54. a second, the second
a second又一，再一，the second第…… He won the second prize.
55. by day, by the day
by day白天，by the day按天计算 The workers are paid by the day.
56. the people, a people
the people指人，a people指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people.
57. it, one
it同一物体，one同类不同一 I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.
58. that, this
that指代上文所提到的，this导出下文所要说的 I was ill. That's why…
59. none, nothing, no one
none强调有多少，nothing, no one强调有没有，nothing指物，no one指人
--- How many…/How much…? --- None.
60. anyone, any one
anyone指人，不能接of，any one指人物均可，可接of any one of you
61. who, what
who指姓名或关系，what指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher.
62. what, which
what的选择基础是无限制的，which在一定范围内进行选择
Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?
63. other, another
other后接名词复数，another后接名词单数 other students, another student
64. not a little, not a bit
not a little非常，not a bit一点也不 I'm not a bit tired. 我一点儿也不累。
65. many, much, a lot of
many和可数名词连用，much和不可数名词连用，a lot of可数，不可数均可，但不用于否定句 I haven't many books.
66. much more…than, many more…than
much more…than后接形容词或不可数名词，many more…than后接可数名词 many more people, much more water, much more beautiful
67. no, not
no=not a/any no friend=not a/any friend no water=not any water
68. no more than, not more than
no more than相当于only，仅仅，只有，not more than 至多，不超过
69. majority, most
majority只能修饰可数名词，most可数不可数均可 the majority of people
70. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself
by oneself单独的，独自的，for oneself为自己，to oneself供自己用的，of oneself 自行的，
自动的 The door opened of itself.
71. at all, after all
at all根本，全然, after all到底，毕竟 After all he is a child.
72. tall, high
tall常指人或动物，high常指物体 He is tall.
73. fast, quickly
fast侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点，quickly侧重指某事完成或发生的快 run fast, answer the question quickly
74. high, highly
high具体的高，highly抽象的高，高度的 think highly of
75. healthy, healthful
healthy健康的，健壮的，healthful有益于健康的 healthful exercise
76. sleeping, asleep, sleepy
sleeping正在睡觉，asleep睡着，熟睡，只能做表语，sleepy困的，有睡意的
a sleeping baby The baby is asleep. I'm sleepy.
77. gold, golden
gold指真金制品，golden指金色的，但金鱼用gold fish a gold ring
78. most, mostly
most用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于very，当大部分，大多数解时是形容词或名词，
mostly大部分,是副词 most people, the people are mostly…
79. just, very
just表强调时是副词，作状语，very表强调时是形容词，用作定语 the very man, just the man
80. wide, broad
wide侧重于一边到另一边的距离，broad侧重于幅面的宽广broad shoulders
81. real, true
real真的，真实的，指的是事实上存在而不是想象的，true真的，真正的，指的是事实和实际情况相符合 real gold, a true story
82. respectful, respectable
respectful尊敬，有礼貌，respectable可敬的，值得尊敬的 be respectful to the aged
83. outwards, outward
二者均可用作副词，表示向外，外面，outward还可用作形容词 an outward voyage
84. pleasant, pleased, pleasing
pleasant常用作定语，pleased, pleasing常用作表语，pleased主语常为人，
pleasing主语常为物 a pleasant trip The trip is pleasing.
85. understanding, understandable
understanding明白事理的，能体谅的，understandable 可理解的，能够懂的
an understanding girl, an understandable mistake
86. close, closely
close接近，靠近，closely紧紧地，紧密地 closely connected, stand close
87. ill, sick
ill做表语，sick定，表均可 a sick boy
88. good, well
good形容词，well副词，但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again.
89. quiet, silent, still
quiet安静的，可以发出小的声音，silent不发出声音，但可以动，still完全不动，完全无声响 He stand there still. 他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。
90. hard, hardly
hard努力，hardly几乎不 work hard I can hardly believe it.
91. able, capable
able与不定式to do连用，capable与of连用 He is capable of doing…
92. almost, nearly
二者均为"几乎,差不多" 和否定词连用用almost almost nobody
93. late, lately
late迟，晚，lately最近，近来 I haven't seen him lately.
94. living, alive, live, lively
living, alive, live均为活着的，living定表均可，alive定表均可，定语后置，live只能做定语，lively意为活波的 all the living people=all the people alive
95. excited, exciting
excited使人兴奋的，exciting令人兴奋的 I'm excited. The news is exciting.
96. deep, deeply
deep具体的深，deeply抽象的深，深深地 deeply moved, dig deep
97. aloud, loud
aloud出声地，loud大声地 read aloud(出声地读)
98. worth, worthy
二者均为值得，worth后接doing，worthy后接to be done, of being done
It is worth visiting. = It's worthy to be visited. = It's worthy of being visited.
99. bad, badly
bad形容词，badly副词，不好，但与need, want, require连用为"很，非常" go bad
I need the book badly.
100. before long, long before
before long不久以后，long before很久以前 not long before = before long
101. quite, rather
quite完全地，相当于completely, rather修饰比较级 quite impossible
102. happy, glad
happy高兴，幸福，定表均可，glad高兴，只能做表语 a happy girl
103. instead, instead of
instead是副词，放在句首或句末，instead of是介词短语，放在句中
He didn't see a film. Instead he watched TV. He watched TV instead of seeing a film.
104. too much, much too
too much 后接不可数名词，much too后接形容词 much too heavy
105. be about to, be going to, be to do
be about to表最近的将来，后面不接时间状语，be going to 侧重打算，想法，
be to do侧重意志，计划，安排I'm to meet him.(含双方事先约好的意思)
106. raise, rise
raise及物动词，rise不及物动词 The sun rises in the east.
107. bring, take, carry, fetch
bring拿来，take带走，carry随身携带，fetch去回这一往返动作 fetch a box of chalk
108. spend, take, pay, cost
spend人做主语，花钱，花时间; spend…on sth./in doing sth; take物做主语，花时间;
pay人做主语，花钱，pay for; cost物做主语，花钱
109. join, join in, take part in
join加入某个组织，并成为其中的一员；join in参加小型的活动, join sb. in；
take part in 参加大型的活动 He joined the army five years ago.
110. learn, study
learn学习，侧重学习的结果，study学习，侧重学习的过程，研究
study the problem
111. want, hope, wish
want打算，想要，want to do, want sb. to do, hope希望（通常可以实现），hope to do/ hope that… wish希望（通常不能实现）wish (sb.) to do, wish sb/sth. + n. I wish you success.
112. discover, invent, find out
discover发现本来存在但不为人所知的东西，invent发明本来不存在的物体，
find out发现，查明 At last he found out the truth.
113. answer, reply
answer及物动词，reply不及物动词，后接 to reply to the letter
114. leave, leave for
leave离开，leave for前往 He left Beijing for Shanghai.
115. rob, steal
rob抢劫 rob sb. of sth.，steal偷 steal sth. from sb.
116. shoot, shoot at
shoot射死，shoot at瞄准，但不一定射中 He shot the bird and it died.
117. drop, fall
drop及物不及物均可，fall不及物动词 Prices fell/dropped. He dropped his voice.
118. search, search for
search后接地点，search for后接东西 He searched his pocket for money.
119. used to, be used to
used to过去常常，be used to习惯于，后接sth./doing sth.；被用来，后接 do sth. He is used to getting up early.
120. win, lose, beat
win后接sth.，反义词为lose, beat后接sb. win the game, beat them
121. live on, live by
live on以…为主食，live by靠…谋生 live on fish/ live by fishing
122. beat, hit, strike
beat连续性地击打；hit打中，对准打；strike打一下或若干下 beat the wings
123. meet, meet with
meet遇到，meet with体验到，遭遇到 meet with an accident
124. lose, miss
lose失去（具体的物体），错过 sth. is lost, lose the chance；miss 想念，错过sth. is missing,
miss the chance
125. be tired of, be tired with/from
be tired of厌烦…，be tired with/from因为…而累了 be tired with/from running 800 meters
126. care about, care for
care about关心，计较，在乎，一般多用于否定句中；care for关心，照料，喜欢，愿意
He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care for movies.
127. catch a cold, have a cold
catch a cold不能和表示"一段时间"的状语连用，而have a cold可以
She has had a cold for a week.
128. change for, change into
change for调换成，change into变成 Change the shirt for a bigger one. Water changes into ice.
129. continue, last
二者均为持续，continue主动，被动均可，last只能用主动 The war continued/lasted five years. The story is to be continued.
130. feed, raise
feed喂养，养活，饲养 (to give food to)， raise饲养，养育 (cause to grow, bring up children)
raise the family
131. go for a doctor, go to a doctor
go for a doctor去请医生，go to a doctor去看病
132. notice, observe, catch sight of
notice注意到，observe观察，仔细地看，catch sight of突然看到 observe the stars
133. insist on, stick to
insist on坚持要求，后常接doing, stick to坚持, 后常接sth. stick to the plan
134. look, seem, appear
look指从外表上看，seem指内心的判断，appear指给人以表面的印象 appear wise,
look like his father
135. gather, collect
gather把分散的东西集中到一起， collect指精心地、有选择地进行收集 collect stamps
136. mean to do, mean doing
mean to do打算，想要做某事，mean doing意思是，意味着
By this I mean giving the students more practice.
137. die from, die of
die from表示死于（枪）伤，虚弱，过度劳累，饮食过度等，die of表示死于疾病，饥饿，
寒冷，年老，忧愁，失恋等精神因素 die of hunger and cold
138. pay for, pay back, pay off
pay for为…付钱，pay back还钱，但不一定还清，pay off还清 pay for the book, pay off the debt
139. divide, separate
divide把一个整体分成几部分，separate把连在一起的个体分开
divide the apple, separate the houses
140. arrive, get, reach
arrive不及物动词，后接in (大地点)，at(小地点)，get不及物动词后接to，reach及物动词
arrive in Beijing, get to Beijing, reach Beijing
141. grow, plant
grow使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去，plant移植，移栽已经长成秧苗的植物
plant the trees, trees are growing
142. manage, try
manage to do设法做成了某事，try to do尽力去做某事但不一定成功
He tried to pass the exam, but he failed.
143. choose, select
choose凭个人的判断力进行选择，select有目的地仔细认真地选择 choose the best answer
144. build, put up, set up, found
build一般用语，建成，put up临时搭建，set up建成（内部的设施基本齐全），
found国家或组织的建成 put up a tent, set up a school
145. be familiar to, be familiar with
be familiar to某物对某人来说是熟悉的，be familiar with某人熟悉某物
The book is familiar to me. I'm familiar with the book.
146. agree with, agree to, agree on
agree with同意某人，agree to同意某事，agree on在…上达成一致意见，主语是复数 agree with you, agree to the plan
147. throw to, throw at throw to扔到…, throw at朝…扔 He throw a stone at me.
148. receive, accept
receive收到某一东西，但不一定接受，accept接受 I received a gift, but I didn't accept it.
149. wear, put on, dress
wear和dress表状态,wear接衣服等,可用进行时，dress接人,be dressed in, put on表动作
It's cold outside. Put on your warm clothes.
150. listen, hear listen强调动作，hear强调结果 I listened, but I heard nothing.
151. look, see, watch
look看的动作，see看的结果，watch强调所看物体的变化、移动和发展watch TV
152. lie, lay lie躺，位于(lay, lain),说谎(lied, lied)，lay平放(laid, laid) lay the book
153. work as, act as
work as工作是…，act as充当某种职务或身份，或扮演某种角色 He works as a teacher.
He acts as an interpreter.
154. move, remove
move动一动，但不一定移走，remove从一处移到另一处 remove the table to the kitchen
155. hurt, injure, wound
hurt感情上受伤，injure事故中受伤，wound战争中受伤 He was wounded in the war.
156. turn, get, grow
turn表突变，后常接表颜色的词，get强调变的结果，grow强调过程，逐渐的变化 turn yellow, get tired, grow big
157. close, shut, turn off
close和shut当关解时可以通用，用于可开合的物体，turn off用于指有开关的物体
Close/Shut the door. Turn off the TV.
158. set out, set about, set off
指出发，着手解时，set out 后接 to do，set about 后接doing, set off 后接 for sp.
159. begin, start
begin侧重时间的开始，反义词为end，start侧重由静到动的转折，反义词为stop
Class begins at 7:30a.m.
160. happen, take place
happen偶然性的没有预料到的事情的发生，take place必然性的发生
Great changes have taken place in my hometown.
161. at, in (表地点) at小地点，in大地点
arrive at a small village, arrive in Shanghai
162. at work, in work at work在工作，在上班，in work 有职业，有工作
Both my parents are at work. They are not at home.
163. increase to, increase by
increase to增长到…，increase by增长了… The number increased by 2,000 to 5,000.
164. at ease, with ease at ease舒适地，安逸地；with ease容易地，无困难地 do it with ease
165. day after day, day by day
day after day日复一日（无变化）；day by day一天天地（有变化）Trees grow taller day by day.
166. like, as like相似关系，但并不等同，as同一关系，两者实为一体
Don't treat me as a child. (In fact, I'm a child.)
167. after, in (表时间) after接时间点，in接时间段 after 7:00, in five minutes
168. between, among
between两者之间，三者或三者以上两两之间, among三者或三者以上之间
Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.
169. after, behind (表位置)
after强调次序的先后，behind强调物体静态位置的前后 There are many trees behind the house.
170. since, for (完成时间状语)
since接点时间或一句话，for接一段时间 for three years, since 3:00
171. on the corner, in the corner, at the corner
on the corner物体表面的角上，in the corner物体内部的角落里，
at the corner物体外部的角落上（拐角处）on the corner of the table
172. warn sb. of, warn sb. against
warn sb. of提醒某人注意某事，warn sb. against提醒某人不要做某事
warn him against swimming in that part of the river
173. at peace, in peace at peace平静地，in peace和平地 live in peace with one's neighbors
174. on earth, on the earth, in the earth
on earth在世上，在人间，到底，究竟，一点也不，on the earth在地上，在地球上，in the earth在地下，在泥土里 no use on earth
175. in surprise, to one's surprise, by surprise
in surprise惊奇地，to one's surprise使某人吃惊的是，by surprise使…惊慌
The question took the professor by surprise.
176. in the air, on the air, in the sky
in the air正在酝酿中，on the air播送，广播，in the sky在天空中
His show is on the air at 6:00 tonight.
177. in the field, on the field
in the field在野外，on the field在战场上 He lost his life on the field.
178. in the market, on the market
in the market表示场所或地点，在市场上，on the market出售
He sells fish in the market. Fresh vegetables are on the market now.
179. in the sun, under the sun
in the sun在阳光下，under the sun地球上，全世界 people under the sun
180. in a voice, with one voice
in a voice出声地，with one voice异口同声地 They refused with one voice.
181. through, across through穿越空间，across在…上穿过 through the forest, across the desert
182. on the way, in the way
on the way在前往…的路上，in the way挡路 The chair is in the way.
183. above, on, over above在上面，不接触，on在上面，接触，over在正上方 fly over the hill
184. until, not…until
until到…为止， not…until直到…才（常跟点动词连用）I waited until 3:00.
He didn't come until 3:00.
185. besides, except, except for
besides除了…还（包括在内）except除了（不包括在内），
except for整体…除了某一点以外 The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
186. whether, if
当是否解时，只有在宾语从句中二者可以互换，其余都用whether，当如果解时用if I don't know if/whether he will come. If he comes, I'll let you know.
187. and, or
and并且，or或者，否则，常用于否定句中 I don't like apples or bananas.
Hurry up and you'll catch the bus. Hurry up or you'll miss the bus.
188. because, since, as, for
原因由强到弱为：because, since/as, for. 在句中的位置如下：1)…because… 2) Since/as…, …
3) …, for… Since I was ill, I didn't go.
189. when, as, while (表时间)
when从句动词点动词，持续性动词均可，as重在表示动作同时发生，伴随进行，while从句动词为持续性动词 While I slept, a thief broke in.
190. the same…as, the same…that
the same…as和…一样的（相似但不同一）， the same…that 同一物体
This is the same pen that I used yesterday. (同一支笔)
191. as well, as well as
as well也，常放于句末，和and连用表示既…又；as well as并列连词，不但…而且…
He is a professor, and a writer as well.
192. such…as, such…that
such…as像…样的，such…that如此…以至于 He is not such a fool as he looks like.
He is such a good student that all the teachers like him.
193. because, because of
because连词，连接两句话，because of介词短语，后接词或短语
He didn't go to school because of his illness.
194. in order that, in order to
表目的，in order that后接句子，in order to后接动词原形
I got up early in order to catch the first bus. I got up early so that I could catch the first bus.
195. for example, such as
for example一般只列举一个，such as列举多个例子
I have been to a lot of American cities, such as New York, Atlanta and Chicago.
196. used to, would
表过去常常，和现在相对应用used to，不提现在用would
I used to get up early, but now I don't.
197. All right. That's all right. That's right.
All right. That's all right. 当好吧解时，可以替换；当不客气，没关系解时只能用That's all right. That's right. 那是对的 ---Sorry. --- That's all right.
198. such…that, so…that
当如此…以至于解时，such…that修饰名词，so…that修饰形容词或副词，
但名词前面如果有many, much, little, few修饰用so…that，不用such that
so many people that… such a lovely boy=so lovely a boy
199. so + be (have, can, do)+主语， neither(nor) + be (have, can, do)+ 主语
也一样，肯定用so…否定用neither (nor) ---I can't play tennis. ---Nor can I.
200. Shall I…? Will you…? Shall I…? 征求对方意见或向对方请示，意为我能…吗？
Will you…?请求或建议对方做某事，意为你愿意…吗？
Will you help me? Yes, I will.
