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附 录
英文参考文献及中文翻译
Clothing colors and behavior of pupils of primary school age
Numerous scientific c research studies are dealing with color relationship and individual behavior, especially children of pre-school and primary school age. In this paper, the clothing colors, most frequently worn by children of primary school in age of 7 – 11, was studied for eight different classes. The aim of the research was, although based on subjective evaluations of teachers, answering the question about influence of the clothes color hue on emotional behavior of pupil and in what way. Evaluation has been performed in six emotional categories: angry, confused, full of energy, cheerful, without emotions. For each class studied, subjective evaluation of frequency (f) color warn by pupils (f) was given with related emotional description. Results show that the basic clothing colors are red and blue for pupils of first and second grade, also showing the highest frequency of positive emotional experiences. However, for pupils of third grade, the red color becomes related to the emotional state of “confusion” and “indifference”. Further, in fourth grade there were not pupils in emotional category “without emotions”, what can be related to growth of pupils maturity in that age.
Key words: clothes color, subjective evaluation of emotions, school age, color – emotion
In ones everyday life, color has a multiple meaning. It is well known that colors significantly influencing our feelings and emotions. For example, red color is related to excitement, orange make observer feels unhappy and disturbed, violet means elevation and dignity, yellow is encouraging and blue is related with pleasure and security. Also, some colors can be related to numerous different emotions. Red is, symbolically known as dominant and dynamic color; it has exciting and stimulating effect. This color has also positive and negative emotional impacts such as strong, impassioned, warm, but on the other hand, aggressive, bloody, furious and intensive. It has been examined that green has relaxing and calming effect. Also, it has positive and negative impacts such us refreshment, silence, spontaneous and, on the contrary, fatigue and guilt. Relations between colors and emotions are closely connected with perception of color and regarding the choice of color hue the emotions can be positive or negative. Where it is proven that certain colors are favorites regardless the age, racial and cultural affiliation, exist proof that preferring of one color can be cultural. For example, the red and blue colors are favorites among Americans and less favorites among other cultures. In study of color - emotion relations from 1996, M. Hemphill
confirms that pure hues of color are mostly related to positive, while dark hues causes negative emotional associations. However, M. Saito 1996 proves that dark colors have positive and negative savors among Japanese and that black hue is favorite color among young people.
Colors can also be described, based on comfort of wearing, as“warm” or“cold”. Cold colors (blue, green, violet) in general are considered to be relaxing, while warm colors (red, yellow, orange) are seems to be active, stimulating. J. Langu 1993 has performed research of color influence on perception of size of the room and psychological experience. Knowing that “cold” colors, like blue and green make space relaxing and enlarged; while warm colors like red, orange and yellow make space smaller, and increase feeling of comfort. Further, people exposed to red and yellow color has been reported a higher level of anxiety than people exposed to cold colors blue and green.
According to theory of visualization, this is still nowadays accepted for explanation of human vision of color (perception), there are in human eye two sorts of photosensitive elements: rod cells and cone cells. They mutually transform light energy in nervous impulses which register the color hue at the observer. From the numerous color order system which exists, the most acceptable is subjective Mussel Color System. Mussel system is based on colored samples collection, classified according to visual values of hue, chrome and lightness. Hue is the first color attribute by which we distinguish one color from another (blue from red, green from yellow).There are 10 basic hues, five of them are identified as the main hues (red, yellow, green, blue and violet) and other five transitive hues (yellow -red, green - yellow, blue - green, violet- blue, and red - violet).
Large number of scientific papers which research the color influence on emotions were not using the samples of colors from standardized color system , others were chose individual answers on verbal meaning of color (“red”, “blue”) instead of using actual color stimulus. Further, numerous studies used relating color - emotion: relation of colors (red, yellow, blue) with certain number of emotions (happiness, sorrow, anger), which resulted with limited reactions of tested observers on psychological color experience.
The analyses were performed in Primary school ?akanje. The area of inscription of Primary school ?akanje covers north – west rural area of Republic Croatia. Considering the traditional and cultural family values of pupils, in school as well as in families the basic human values are nourished: non violence, tolerance, self – esteem,
self – confidence, coexistence with nature. In a last two years School maintain two projects aiming in encouraging basic human values mentioned before: Project under UNICEF “For Safe and Seminal Environment in Schools” and project in collaboration with Institute for Philosophy “Little Philosophy” aiming in increasing of interaction teacher– pupil, meaning the increase of acquired educational content among pupils of primary school.
