爱华网Threat of new competition
The existence of barriers to entry (patents, rights, etc.) The most attractive segment is one in which entry barriers are high and exit barriers are low. Few new firms can enter and non-performing firms can exit easily.
Economies of product differences差异产品经济 Brand equity品牌资产 Switching costs or sunk costs 转换成本或沉没成本 Capital requirements 资本要求 Access to distribution 分销渠道 Customer loyalty to established brands Absolute cost 绝对成本 Industry profitability; the more profitable the industry the more attractive it will be to new competitors.
Threat of substitute products or services
Buyer propensity to substitute替代品对于买家的倾向 Relative price performance of substitute 替代品的相对价格 Buyer 买家的转换成本 Perceived level of 产品认知水平的差异化 Number of substitute products available in the market 市场上可替代品的数量 Ease of substitution. Information-based products are more prone to substitution, as online product can easily replace material product. Substandard product 不规格的产品 Quality depreciation 质量折旧
Bargaining power of customers (buyers)
Buyer concentration to Degree of dependency upon existing channels of distribution 对现有分销渠道的依赖程度 Bargaining leverage, particularly in industries with high Buyer volume 购买者的数量 Buyer switching costs relative to switching costs Buyer information availability 买家信息的可用性 Availability of existing substitute products 现有替代品的有用性 Buyer 买方对价格的敏感性
Differential advantage (uniqueness) of industry products 工业产品的差
异优势
Bargaining power of suppliers
Supplier switching costs relative to switching costs 供应商的转换成本与公司的转换成本 Degree of differentiation of inputs 投入的不同程度 Impact of inputs on cost or differentiation 投入成本和投入差异的影响 Presence of substitute inputs 现有替代品的投入 Strength of distribution channel 分销渠道的力量 Supplier concentration to firm concentration ratio Employee solidarity (e.g. ) Supplier competition - ability to forward vertically integrate and cut
out the buyer.供应商竞争
Ex.: If you are making biscuits and there is only one person who sells flour, you have no alternative but to buy it from him.
Intensity of competitive rivalry
Sustainable through 通过创新得到可持续竞争优势
Competition between online and offline companies
Level of expense 广告费用水平
Powerful 强有力的竞争策略
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